Download Chapter 6, Section 2: The Arab Empire and its Successors

The Arab Empire and Its Successors Chapter 6, Section 2 Creation of an Arab Empire •
Muhammad became a _____________________ leader of the early Muslim community •
Muhammad’s death left no leader—he never named a successor and had no sons •
In 632, ___________________________________, Muhammad’s father-­‐in-­‐law, was named _____________________ (Arabic: successor), the highest title in Islam •
Abu Bakr had been with Muhammad since he moved to Medina in 622 and had been a chief advisor Arab Conquest •
A caliph was a _____________________________________________________________ leader •
Abu Bakr united Arabia by 634 under Islam through a series of wars against those who did not follow Muhammad’s teachings. o _________________ (Arabic: struggle in the way of God) is permitted by the Quran •
United under Islam, the Arabs took over ___________________ in 636, Egypt and northern Africa in 642, and the ______________________ Empire in 650 •
Arab soldiers were particularly dedicated because they believed they would be guaranteed a place in heaven Arab Rule •
_____________________ as capital of the Arab Empire •
Abu Bakr died in 634 and conflict arose over who the next caliph should be •
The next 3 caliphs after Abu Bakr were _______________________________________ •
In areas ruled, Muslims recognized Jews and Christians as “_________________ ____________________________________”—also followers of revelations made by God •
Muslims made _________________________ with “People of the Book” in conquered areas. They could not build churches or synagogues in Muslim cities or dress like Muslims. In return, Muslims would not attack the conquered people. 1 •
Those who converted to Islam were exempt from a special _____________ on non-­‐Muslims. •
It benefited the Arab Empire to be __________________________—they got more money from taxes and didn’t have to worry about uprisings. The Umayyads & Muawiyah •
____________: general Muawiyah of the Umayyad family becomes caliph •
Muawiyah makes the caliphate ________________________________ •
He establishes the __________________________________________ •
He moves the Arab capital to ____________________________________________________ —where his family was from Arab Expansion under the Umayyads •
The Arab Empire expanded to the Mediterranean Coast, along North Africa in 710; they converted the ______________________ people who lived there •
They then took over Spain in ______________; parts of Spain remained under Muslim control for the next __________________________ •
Arabs were defeated in 732 when trying to expand into ___________________ •
In 717, they pushed into the ________________________________________________________ in the north, but were defeated—thus beginning a continuing struggle between the Byzantine Christians and Muslim Arabs. •
By ____________, Umayyads took over parts of Mesopotamia, Persia, and Central Asia. •
New areas and new ethnic groups brought new ideas and influences to the Arab Empire, especially from _______________________________________________________ The End of the Umayyads and the Shia-­‐Sunni Split •
_____________________________________________ resented their treatment •
Financial ________________ •
Difficulties with running a ________________________________ •
In 680, ___________________________, the grandson of Muhammad, stirred up a revolt against Umayyad rule. •
This ultimately led to the Shia-­‐Sunni split: 2 o ___________________ believe only descendents of Muhammad should be caliphs o ___________________ accepted the Umayyads as caliphs. o Most of the Muslim world is Sunni, but ____________________________________ are Shia Muslims. The Abbasid Dynasty •
____________: Abu al-­‐Abbas overthrows the Umayyads and founds the Abbasid dynasty •
Abbasids ___________________________________ the Arab Empire to make it easier to rule such a vast area •
762: new capital of _________________________—closer to trade routes and Persia •
Abbasids tried to _________________________________________________________ between Arabs and non-­‐Arabs—this opened up Arab culture to other civilizations •
Persian influence changed the ideals: ___________________________________ were now valued more than ________________________________ •
All Muslims—not just Arabs—were allowed to hold civil and military offices; Arabs began ______________________________________ with other groups Abbasid Trade •
The Arab Empire was a ____________________________________________; its location meant easy access to Africa, Asia and Europe •
Traders to distant lands brought their culture with them—Islam spread to __________________, Indonesia, and ________________________________ and Arabic influenced many ____________________________ languages •
Trade brought many new products to the empire, making people rich: porcelain, gunpowder, cotton, rice, oranges, ivory, slaves, gold, salt… •
Under the Abbasid rule, the Arab Empire became a blend of many peoples and cultures. Achievements under the Abbasids •
Harun al-­‐Rashid: 5th Abbasid caliph and supporter of artists, writers, intellectuals 3 •
Under Abbasids an _________________________________ was built to study astronomy •
Classical ____________________ works were translated •
Abbasids were able to conquer the richest parts of what was the Roman Empire •
Baghdad became the center of a ___________________________________________________ •
The Abbasid government became more complicated—the __________________________________________ grew and a ________________________ advised the caliph. Division •
After Harun al-­‐Rashid died, there were disputes over which son would succeed him •
All the money led to ________________________________ •
_________________________________________ meant non-­‐Arabs came to dominate the government positions •
Local governments began to break away from the Empire and establish their own _____________________________________. •
The Muslim world was divided in ________________. The Seljuk Turks •
Nomadic people from ________________________________________ •
Worked as __________________________ in Abbasid army •
moved into Iran and Armenia and took over from Abbasids •
______________: sultan captures Baghdad and takes political control of the empire o _______________________ caliph still had religious authority •
______________: expanding into the Byzantine Empire, defeating Byzantines and taking over Anatolian Peninsula •
Byzantine Empire is desperate to keep Turks out—asks Western Europe for help, despite their differences in _________________________________________________ The Crusades 4 •
____________________________ emperor Alexius I asked Western European leaders to help defend his land against the Turks •
______________: Western Europe agreed to help their fellow Christians against the Muslims—saw this as a holy war (“taking of the cross”) •
Crusaders successful at first •
1169: _________________________ takes control of Egypt, names himself sultan, invades Jerusalem and defeats Christian forces •
Saladin allowed Christians left in the region to live—and even continue __________________________________________________________ •
There would be numerous crusades in the years to come, causing hatred between Christians and Muslims The Mongols •
While Europe and the Middle East were occupied with the crusades, the Mongols became a growing threat. •
pastoral, horse-­‐riding people from the ___________________________ •
______________________________________ led Mongols to take over Northern China in the early 13th century. •
They were able to invade most of _________________ •
They ____________________________________ the people they conquered—burnt their towns down, destroyed sources of food, killed anyone in their way. Mongol Invasions •
Mongols took over ___________________ and _______________________________________, ending the Abbasid caliphate at Baghdad. •
_____________: Mongol leader Hülegü captures Baghdad and destroys the city, killing at least 1 million people •
Mongols unable to take over _______________ •
Mongols eventually ___________________________________________, integrate into local population, rebuild cities they destroyed •
14th century: Mongol Empire breaks apart, ___________________ becomes new center of Islam 5