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Transcript
Propaganda Techniques A summary of the ways individuals and organisations attempt to manipulate public opinion Based on ideas from Standler (2005) and liberally sprinkled with pictures pulled of the internet with gay abandon Name Calling As this example shows, both linguistic and visual techniques can be used to denigrate an opponent. Pejorative Labels While general insults can be effective, it is particularly effective to using labels that carry particular stigma. Examples are “extremist”, “radical”, “liberal”, “communist”. Glittering Generality This refers to a technique where positive concepts are asserted in a vague and general way about the side for which the writer is trying to gain support. Typical examples include: good, Christian, decent folk, common Americans hero, brave, courageous honesty, honour, justice, liberty Transfer: the symbol Transfer refers here to the attempt to transfer the authority or prestige of one thing onto another. The most common symbol used in this way is perhaps the flag. Transfer: the victim Victims can be effectively used to transfer natural human empathy for the victim to a cause that (s)he is identified with. Transfer: the institution Certain groups or institutions carry authority. Associating a scientific or academic group with a cause can add validity in the eyes of many. Transfer: the authority A similar technique is to transfer the prestige of an individual to a cause. One example of this is how both atheists and Christians have attempted to enlist Einstein's support. Just Plain folks An attempt to identify with common people, thereby establishing a feeling of solidarity Cherry Picking Presenting information selectively in order to omit facts that are not desirable Us and Them: Community Belonging to a community is a powerful human moral motivator. Us and Them: the Bandwagon Encouraging people to side with the majority preys on our fear of exclusion Us and Them: The False Dichotomy More fundamentally, the whole concept of “us and them” is underlined by the fallacious assumption of a binary choice. “Either you are with us, or you are with the terrorists.” George W. Bush, 20/11/2001 The Fear Factor Emotive manipulation is a mainstay of propaganda: appealing to patriotic pride and evoking fear are both very common References Standler, Ronald B. (2005) Propaganda and How to Recognize it. http://www.rbs0.com/propaganda.pdf