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st 1 , nd 2 , th 6 , th 7 and Period Flashcard Terms Allegory “A story or tale with two or more levels of meaning—a literal level and one or more symbolic levels.” Example: Animal Farm Alliteration “The occurrence of the same letter or sound at the beginning of adjacent or closely connected words.” Example: “Blueblack cold” Allusion A reference to a person, place, or another literary work, or event in a literary piece. Example: The Macbeth reference in “Out, out—” Antagonist Character who stands in opposition to the protagonist Example: The Moth in “Lesson of the Cockroach” Antithesis • • Rhetorical device in which two opposite ideas are put together in a sentence to achieve a contrasting effect Ex: “Not that I loved Caesar less, but that I loved Rome more.” Archetype • • Archetypes include a character, setting, theme, or symbol that has a common or recognizable meaning in an entire culture. Examples: Symbolic colors (white=purity), Themes (forbidden love), Familiar Characters (Star-Crossed Lovers, Fairy Godmother), Recurring Plots (Damsel in Distress, Long Journey/Difficult Quest) Aside • • Short speech delivered by a character in a play in order to express his or her thoughts and feelings. It is traditionally directed to the audience and is presumed not to be heard by other characters. Example: “…and so near will I be, That your best friends shall wish I had been further.” –Trebonius in Julius Caesar Bandwagon This technique tries to persuade everyone to join in and do the same thing, to “jump on the bandwagon”. Ex: Don’t be the only one in your neighborhood who hasn’t tried Mayfield ice cream. Join the crowd today, and buy everyone’s favorite, Mayfield. Character Foil A character that shows qualities that are in contrast with the qualities of another character with the objective to highlight the traits of the other character. Ex: Antigone and Ismene are foils for each other. Antigone is independent and strong-willed, but Ismene is cautious and submissive. Direct Characterization What the author directly tells the audience about a character Ex: Chig Chig is seventeen (Kelley 1). Indirect Characterization Speech-Character says/how he or she speaks Thoughts-Character’s private thoughts and feelings Effect on others toward character/How others behave in reaction to character Actions-Character’s behavior/What character does Looks-Character’s appearance, dress Indirect Characterization Ex: Eva Dunford (grandmother) “Only time I need help getting anywhere is when I dies, and they lift me into the ground” (Kelley 3). She is very independent and does not want any special treatment because of her age. Colons • Use a colon after an independent clause when introducing a list. • Example: She likes the following items at Panera: hazelnut coffee, cinnamon crunch bagels, and strawberry poppy seed salads. Colons • Use a colon after an independent clause when introducing a quotation. • Example: In his movie Ferris Bueller’s Day Off, John Hughes wrote: “Life moves pretty fast. If you don’t stop and look around once in a while, you could miss it.” Colons • Use a colon between two independent clauses when the second clause explains or summarizes the first clause. • Example: Mrs. Owen enjoys traveling: Los Angeles, Paris, and Florence are currently on her bucket list. Commas • • Before the coordinating conjunction to separate two independent clauses in a compound sentence. Example: My friends and I will go to the movies Friday, and we will go to the UT vs. Alabama football game Saturday. Commas • • Separate three or more words, phrases, or clauses in a series. Example: She enjoys shopping, watching Modern Family, and spending time with friends. Commas • • Separate adjectives of equal rank. Example: Our English II class meets in a decorative, colorful room. Commas • • After an introductory word, phrase, or clause. Example: When we were sophomores in high school, we had Mrs. Owen in English II. Commas • • Set off parenthetical and nonessential expressions (appositive phrases). Example: English II, my favorite class, is reading Frankenstein. Commas • • Places, dates, and titles Examples: Bearden High School is in Knoxville, Tennessee. Friday, March 14, 2014, commences our spring break. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., delivered his “I Have a Dream” speech. Commas • • Set off a direct quotation, to prevent a sentence from being misunderstood, directly addressing someone Examples: Isaiah said, “I’m going to play soccer this afternoon.” Faulty: Let’s eat Granddad. Revised: Let’s eat, Granddad. Comma Splice • • A comma splice occurs when a writer has connected two main clauses with a comma alone. Ex: Caleb waited for his pizza to cool, he had already burned the roof of his mouth with the mozzarella sticks. Comma Splice-Correct with Period + Capital Letter • • Make two separate sentences Ex: Caleb waited for his pizza to cool. He had already burned the roof of his mouth with the mozzarella sticks. Comma Splice-Correct with Comma + Coordinating Conjunction • Ex: Caleb waited for his pizza to cool, for he had already burned the roof of his mouth with the mozzarella sticks. Comma Splice-Correct with Semicolon • Ex: Caleb waited for his pizza to cool; he had already burned the roof of his mouth with the mozzarella sticks. Comma Splice-Correct with Subordination • • Use a subordinate conjunction; this method reduces one of the two clauses to an incomplete thought. Ex: Caleb waited for his pizza to cool since he had already burned the roof of his mouth with the mozzarella sticks. Compare and Contrast The viewer is led to believe one product is better than another, although no real proof is offered. Ex: Verizon Wireless says it has 5X more 3G coverage than AT&T. Internal Conflict “Character struggles with his or her own opposing feelings, beliefs, needs, or desires” Example: Hamlet (“To be or not to be”) External Conflict “Character clashes with an outside force—another character, society, or nature” Example: Montagues vs. Capulets in Romeo and Juliet Emotional Words Words such as luxury, beautiful, paradise, and economical are used to evoke positive feelings in the viewer. Ex: Are you tired, run-down, listless? Do you poop out at parties? Are you unpopular? The answer to all your problems is in this little bottle. Vitameatavegamin. It’s so tasty, too! Tastes just like candy! Rhetorical Appeals: Ethical Appeal (Ethos) • An appeal based on the character of the speaker • Audience is persuaded via rhetor’s reputation • Personality, credentials, and history create ethos When used correctly, the writer is seen as… • Well-informed about the topic • Confident in his or her position • Sincere and honest • Understanding of the reader’s concerns and possible objections When used incorrectly, the writer is seen as… Unfair or dishonest Distorting or misrepresenting information (biased) Insulting or dismissive of other viewpoints Advocating intolerant ideas Extended Metaphor A comparison between two unlike things through lines in a poem. Example: “Life for me ain’t been no crystal stair.” Fable A fable is intended to provide a moral story and usually personifies the animal characters with the ability to speak and to reason. Example: Animal Farm Faulty Cause and Effect Use of a product is credited for creating a positive result. Ex: By eating Campbell’s chicken noodle soup, you will not get a cold. Foreshadowing “The use of indicative words/phrases and hints that set the stage for a story to unfold forthcoming events” Example: Little Red Riding Hood (“Watch out for the wolf in the woods!”) Sentence Fragments • Result if you punctuate certain word groups as if they are complete sentences. The most common of these word groups are the following: • • • • • Subordinate clause: Subordinate conjunction + verb Participle phrase: begins with –ing or –ed Infinite phrase- to + verb Verb phrase-without a subject Appositive-word that renames a noun beside it Sentence Fragments • To fix fragments, you can attach the fragment either to the front or the end of a nearby main clause. • Afterthought: especially, for example, for instance, like, such as, including, except Sentence Fragments • Ex: Flooring the accelerator, Adrian wove through the heavy traffic. As his ex-best friend Roberto chased him down the interstate. • To correct: The period after “traffic” can be removed. Imagery • Imagery is descriptive language the author uses to paint a picture in the reader’s mind. • Ex: “I contemplated the lake: the waters were placid; all around was calm; and the snowy mountains, ‘the palaces of nature,’ were not changed.” Dramatic Irony “A contradiction between what a character thinks and what the reader or audience knows to be true.” Example: Horror movies-The audience yelling at the character, “Don’t go in there!” Situational Irony “An event occurs that directly contradicts the expectations of the characters, the reader, or the audience.” Example: Friday Night Lights movie-After overcoming a difficult football season, the team loses the championship game. Verbal Irony “Words are used to suggest the opposite of what is meant.” Example: Mean Girls- Regina George telling a girl she loves her vintage skirt and later says that the girl’s skirt is ugly. Lyric Poem A highly musical verse that expresses the observations and feelings of a single speaker. Ex: “Those Winter Sundays” Rhetorical Appeals: Logical Appeals (Logos) • An appeal to logic • Audience is persuaded via reason • Relies on inductive and deductive reasoning When used correctly, logical appeal contains: • Strong, clear claims • Reasonable qualifiers for claims • Strong evidence (facts, statistics, personal experience, expert authority, interviews, observations) • Acknowledgement of opposition When used poorly, logical appeal contains: • Over-generalized claims • Reasons that are not fully explained or supported • Logical fallacies • Evidence misused or ignored • No recognition of opposing views Metaphor The comparison of two things without using “like” or “as”. Example: “All the world’s a stage and the men and women merely players.” –William Shakespeare “Seven Ages of Man” Metonymy • • Figure of speech that replaces the name of a thing with the name of something else with which it is closely associated. Example: “So we wad all our life up into one little roll and then we shoot the roll” (“Lesson of the Moth”) Misplaced and Dangling Modifiers • For clear, logical sentences, writers aim modifiers so that they strike as close to the intended targets as possible. • Ex-Sneering with superiority, Quinn drank iced tea from a crystal glass that sparkled in the afternoon sun. • Sneering with superiority, a participle phrase, describes Quinn, the noun right after it. That sparkled in the afternoon sun, a relative clause, describes glass, the noun in front. Misplaced and Dangling Modifiers • When a writer’s aim is off and too much distance separates the modifier from its target, the result is a misplaced modifier. • Drinking warm water from a rubber hose, envious looks were shot Quinn’s way as the other picnickers quenched their own thirst. • Drinking warm water from a rubber hose, a participle phrase, should describe picnickers, but since that noun is so far away, the phrase seems to be modifying envious looks, which don’t have mouths that can suck water! Misplaced and Dangling Modifiers • If the sentence fails to include a target, the modifier is dangling. • With a sigh of pleasure, consumption of cucumber sandwiches commenced. • We assume that Quinn is the one sighing with pleasure and eating cucumber sandwiches, but notice that he’s not in the sentence, so we can’t tell for sure! Monologue • • A long speech by one character that, unlike a soliloquy, is addressed to another character or characters. Example: “Friends, Romans, countrymen, lend me your ears…” – Marc Antony, Julius Caesar, Act III, Scene 2 Mood The mood is usually described in expressions of feeling and emotions. Ex: Fear, Surprise, Anger, Hatred Name Calling Negative words are used to create an unfavorable opinion of the competition in the viewer’s mind. Ex: Big Mac? Seems more like a medium (Burger King going against McDonald’s.). Onomatopoeia • The use of words that imitate sounds. Example: Snap, Crackle, Pop, Buzz Parallel Structure • Whenever a writer includes a list of actions or items, he/she must use equal grammatical units • If the first item is a noun, then the following items must also be nouns; if the first action is a past tense verb, then make the other items past tense verbs as well. Parallel Structure • Examples of parallel structure • Use past tense verbs-Students capped their pens, closed their notebooks, and zipped their book bags… • Or make all items in the list nouns: Students gathered their pens, notebooks, and book bags… Parallel Structure • Be aware of correlative conjunctions such as Not only…but also, either…or, and neither…nor because these require special attention when proofreading for parallelism. • Not only did Professor Jones give the class a withering look, but he also assigned 20 extra pages of homework as punishment for their impatience to leave. Parallelism • • Repetition of a grammatical structure in order to create a rhythm and make words more memorable. “As Caesar loved me, I weep for him; as he was fortunate, I rejoice at it; as he was valiant, I honor him,” Rhetorical Appeals: Emotional Appeal (Pathos) • An appeal to emotion • Audience becomes emotionally aroused • Can persuade through the use of multiple emotions When done well, emotional appeals… • Reinforce logical arguments • Use diction and imagery to create a bond with the reader in a humane way • Appeal to idealism, beauty, humor, nostalgia, or pity (or other emotions) in a balanced way • Are presented in a fair manner When used poorly, emotional appeals… • Become a substitute for logic and reason (TV and magazine advertising often relies heavily on emotional rather than logical appeal) • Use stereotypes to pit one group of people against another (propaganda and some political advertising does this) When used poorly, emotional appeals… • Offer a simple, unthinking reaction to a complex problem • Take advantage of emotions to manipulate (through fear, hate, pity, prejudice, embarrassment, lust, or other feelings) rather than convince credibly Personification Giving human characteristics to something nonhuman/inanimate object. Example: The saw proving it knew what supper meant. From “Out, out—” Plot Diagram Exposition: “Introduces the characters, background, and setting” Rising Action: “Statement(s) that summarize the story” Climax: “The ‘turning point’; the protagonist changes” Plot Diagram Falling Action: “Statement about what leads to the end of the conflict” Resolution: “The end of the conflict” Pronoun-Verb Agreement • An indefinite pronoun refers to an unspecified person or thing. • Singular: another, anybody, anyone, anything, each, either, everyone, neither, nobody, no one, one, someone Plural: both, few, many, several Singular or Plural: all, any, more, most, none, some (take singular verbs when they refer to one person or thing; take plural verbs when they refer to two or more people or things) Most of the story takes place in England. Most of the stories take place in England. • • • • Protagonist The central character or leading figure in a literary piece. Example: Archy the Cockroach in “Lesson of the Moth” Pun • A play on words in which a humorous effect is produced by using a word that suggests two or more meanings • Ex: In Julius Caesar, the word “cobbler” is used to refer to “mender of the soles” and “mender of the souls”. Quotation Marks • Quotation marks come in pairs; do not begin a quote and forget to close it. Quotation Marks • • Capitalize the first letter of a direct quote when the quoted material is a complete sentence. Example: Mrs. Owen, our English II teacher, said, “I cannot wait until Thanksgiving.” Quotation Marks • • Do not use a capital letter when the quoted material is a fragment or only a piece of the original material’s complete sentence. Example: Although Lauren had to work long hours at Chick-fil-a, he stated that it was “worth talking to an elderly gentleman and receiving a free cookie.” Quotation Marks • • If a direct quotation is interrupted mid-sentence, do not capitalize the second part of the quotation. Example: “I love watching Disney princess movies,” Julia said, “and I wish I could live out their fantasies.” Quotation Marks • • Use a comma to introduce a quotation after a standard dialogue tag, a brief introductory phrase, or a dependent clause. Example: The detective said, “I am sure who performed the murder.” Quotation Marks • • • Put commas and periods within quotation marks, except when a parenthetical reference follows. Example: Schuler said, “I would love to go, but I have practice.” Owen says, “When in doubt, cite it out” (25). Quotation Marks • • • Place colons and semicolons outside closed quotation marks. Example: William described the game as “tough but successful”; other players agreed. Haven emphasizes “three keys to writing a paper”: research, hard work, and determination. Quotation Marks • • • Place a question mark or exclamation point within closing quotation marks if the punctuation applies to the quotation itself. Place the punctuation outside the closing quotation marks if the punctuation applies to the whole sentence. Example: Jessica asked, “Do you need this book?” Does Nike always say, “Just do it”? Quotation Marks • • Song titles, poems, short stories, and speeches use quotation marks. Example: “Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening” is poem that uses repetition. Repetition The product name or a key word or phrase is repeated several times; by the end of the commercial, the product’s name will be remembered. Ex: Nick Nick Nick Nick Nick Nick Nick Nickelodeon Refrain • • Repetition of a grammatical structure in order to create a rhythm and make words more memorable. “As Caesar loved me, I weep for him; as he was fortunate, I rejoice at it; as he was valiant, I honor him,” Rhetorical Question • • A question to which no answer is expected, often used for rhetorical effect. Example: “Did this in Caesar seem ambitious?” Satire • • A writing technique writers use to expose and criticize corruption of an individual or a society by using humor. Its intention is to promote social change. Example: Dorothy Parker’s “One Perfect Rose” Semicolons • Use a semicolon to join two independent clauses that are closely related to each other in content. • Example: Friends was my favorite television show during the 1990s; in fact, it is my favorite television show of all time. Semicolons • Use a semicolon between items in a list that already involve commas. • Example: I have lived in Knoxville, Tennessee; Washington, DC; and Atlanta, Georgia. Setting • Descriptions of the place and time • Example: The woods in “The Road Not Taken” Simile The comparison of two things using “like” or “as”. Example: His hands were like wild birds. Soliloquy • • A long speech expressing the thoughts of a character alone on stage. Example: “Well, Brutus, thou art noble…” –Cassius, Julius Caesar, Act I, Scene 2 Subject-Verb Agreement • • • • A verb must agree with its subject in number Example: Mrs. Owen’s students are the best in the world. Some nouns ending in s are really singular in meaning. Example: News about the Boston Marathon bombing is heartbreaking. Subject-Verb Agreement • • In a verb phrase, it is the first helping verb that must agree with the subject. Example: In the play Julius Caesar, conspirators have had enough problems from their ruler. Subject-Verb Agreement • • The subject of a verb is never found in a prepositional phrase or an appositive phrase. Examples: The students of Chamblee Charter High School are ready for winter break. The Hunger Games, the best book, is also a great movie. Subject-Verb Agreement • • A compound subject whose parts are joined by and usually requires a plural verb Example: Friends and Gilmore Girls are her favorite television shows. Subject-Verb Agreement • • • • Collective Nouns- Refer to groups of people or things: class, committee, flock, crowd, team, family, staff, police, club, herd, jury, majority When referred to as a unit, it takes a singular verb. When it refers to a group acting as individuals, it takes a plural verb. Examples: A robbery team steals a Monet in The Thomas Crown Affair. The team separate after the theft. Subject-Verb Agreement • • When the parts of a compound subject are joined by or or nor, the verb should agree with the part closest to it. Example: Neither the Plastics nor Cady receives a candy cane from Glenn Cocoa. Symbolism “Anything that stands for something else (usually an abstract idea).” Example: The Ebony Clock symbolizes fleeting time in “Masque of the Red Death”. Testimonial An important person or a famous figure endorses a product. Ex: I’m Oprah Winfrey, and I’ve lost weight thanks to Weight Watchers. Theme “A central message or insight into life revealed through a literary work.” Example: “Be careful what you wish for” is a key theme in “The Monkey’s Paw”. Tone “The writer’s attitude toward his or her audience and subject.” Example: Dorothy Parker’s tone in “One Perfect Rose” is sarcastic. Tragic Hero According to Aristotle, a true TRAGIC HERO should experience, encounter, or display: Displays hubris (excessive pride) Displays hamartia (mistake in judgment, caused by an internal flaw) Displays anagnoresis. (recognizes he/she is wrong) Downfall from high status through some combination of hubris, fate (destiny), and the will of the gods. Receives punishment for their actions. Ex: Oedipus Transfer Good feelings, looks, or ideas transferred to the person for whom the product is intended. Ex: Smell like a man, man. (Old Spice commercial)