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THE KINGDOM OF EGYPT NILE MAP OF EGYPT I. THE GIFT OF THE NILE • Nile = “highway” for travel A. The Annual Flood • The Nile begins south of Egypt in the highlands. • Summer = heavy rains (flood season) • Nile floods carry rich topsoil to Egypt each summer. • The rain determined the richness of the soil. • 2 important gods • Hapi, the Nile god • Khnemu, the flood god B. Using Mathematics • Used geometry to locate each farmer’s field PG. 41 QUICK CHECK: DESCRIBE THE SERIES OF EVENTS THAT HAPPEN WHEN THE NILE RIVER FLOODS. • Heavy rains run off the highlands into the Nile. The flood waters cover fields and villages. II. DIVIDED HISTORY • Egyptian history is divided into 3 time periods. • Old Kingdom (c. 3100 to 2200 B.C.) • Middle Kingdom (c. 2100 to 1700 B.C.) • New Kingdom (c. 1500 to 1000 B.C.) A. The Pharaoh’s Rule • The first pharaoh was called Menes. • United Lower and Upper Egypt • Pharaoh means “great house” or “palace”. • Old Kingdom ended weak rulers B. THE MIDDLE KINGDOM • • • • New rulers from the same family Egypt became an empire. Ended with new technology Hyksos • • • • Group of people from Western Asia Had horses and chariots Better bows and arrows and battle axes Took over Egypt around 1650 B.C. C. The New Kingdom • Pharaoh Ahmose I and his army defeated the Hyksos. • Ruled the large empire, including the Fertile Crescent D. Unusual Rulers • Hatshepsut • Ruled in 1503 B.C. • First female pharaoh • Egypt was peaceful and grew rich from trade. • Amenhotep IV • Worshipped only one god called Aten • Changed his name to Akhenaton to honor Aten • Hated by priests and followers of many gods • Ramses II • Ruled for 67 years • Moved the capital back to the Nile Delta • Built rock temple at Abu Simbel in Upper Egypt PG. 43 QUICK CHECK WHAT EFFECT DID NEW WEAPON TECHNOLOGY HAVE ON THE MIDDLE KINGDOM? • New technology helped the Hyksos conquer the middle kingdom of Egypt. III. WRITING WITH PICTURES • Hieroglyphics • Pictures or symbols that represent sounds, ideas, or objects • Located on walls and monuments • • • • • The scribes controlled this writing system. Egyptians called it “the words of god” The scribes taught hieroglyphics to students. Boys started school at 10. Paper = papyrus • Plant - grows along the Nile A. BREAKING THE CODE • 2 centuries ago, a Frenchmen discovered how to read hieroglyphics. • Learned a great deal of information about daily life in Egypt PG. 45 QUICK CHECK HOW ARE HIEROGLYPHICS LIKE AND UNLIKE THE ALPHABET USED IN ENGLISH? • Both are symbol systems, but the English alphabet represents letters, and hieroglyphics use pictures to represent ideas, sounds, or objects.