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Chapter 10 Outline/Review: Test-Friday, March 15th Polis- a Greek city-state Acropolis-fortified hill Agora- open marketplace Aristocrats- nobles Magistrates- judges Oligarchy-form of government where a few people have power Mercenaries- hired soldiers Helots- enslaved people Perioeci – merchants and artisans Democratic- favoring equality of all people Defensive League – protective group Constitution – set of principles and rules for governing Ephors- group of 5 managers Triremes- warships with 3 levels of rowers Draco – a nobleman, the first to attempt to take over the government. He failed because punishments he gave were considered too harsh. People failed to support him. Solon – a rich merchant, chosen to lead the government. Created a constitution which broke the power of the the rich. He set a limit on the amount of land one person could own. Gave all landowners the right to vote. Gave the Assembly the power to pass laws, erased all debts from the people, freed all slaves who were enslaved due to money owed, offered citizenship to Artisans, required every father to teacher their son a trade, and increased trade. Cleisthenes- overthrew the Spartans. Put into effect the world’s first Democratic constitution. Offered the people the right to freedom of speech. Opened the Assembly to all males over the age of 20. Started the yearly vote of the Assembly to elect 10 generals to run the Athenian army and navy and act as chief magistrates. Made it a requirement that citizens were required to educate their sons. They had to hire a tutor or send him to a private school. At age 7 they began writing, music and math, sports and works by Homer. At age 18, males became citizens. To become a citizen, they had to take an oath at the Temple of Zeus where they promised to make Athens better, be honorable in battle, follow the constitution and respect their religion Council of 500 – handled everyday business of the Assembly. Members were chosen each year by lot. No member could serve more than twice. Each citizen had the chance to be a member. Persian Wars: Persians defeated Ionia- the Greek city-states in Asia Minor and Aegean Islands Darius- the Persian King. Sent 600 ships and soldiers to attack Athens. Landed at the town of Marathon, 26 miles from Athens. Greek soldiers were ready and defeated the attack. A Greek soldier ran back to Athens and yelled “Nike” the Greek goddess of victory and then he collapsed and died. Xerxes – the son of Darius, sent 250,000 solders to northern Greece. The Greek city-states banded together against him. Athens ran the Navy and Sparta ruled the Army. The Persians made it to Athens and burned down the city. The Greeks though were able to defeat the Persian navy. Xerex returned to Asia, but left some troops behind to fight. The remaining Persians were defeated at the Battle of Plataea. The Greek city-states formed the Delian League- a combined defensive league with its headquarters on the island of Delos. Sparta chose not to join the league. The league had a common navy, built in Athens, but paid for by all the city-states. The city-state of Athens began gaining power and started ruling the league. Pericles – known as the first citizen of Athens. Rebuilt the palace and temples of the Acropolis. Built the Parthenon, the temple to the goddess Athena. Built the Longwalls, two parallel walls with a tiled roof that connected Athens to Piraeus at the sea, five miles away. It allowed supplies and forces to get from the ships back to Athens. Pericles increased philosophy and literature within the culture. The Peloponnesian War – lasted about 30 years. Athens attacked another city-state that was allies with Sparta. Sparta responded and defeated the Athenians. The Spartans set up an oligarchy with 30 Athenian aristocrats. Athens started a revolt and overturned the government and returned it to a democracy; however, Athens was never again as powerful. Due to the weakening of Athens and the constant battles within the citystates, they grew weaker. Philip II of Macedonia was able to use those weaknesses and attacked and defeated the Greek city-states.