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Get with Grammar! Word Order Affirmative Word Order Question Word Order Adverb Word Order Adjective Word Order Word Order: Affirmative Word Order Basic English Word Order is: Subject / Verb / Indirect Object / Direct Object When you add purpose, time & place to the sentence, the order is: (Time) / Subject / Verb / Indirect Object / Direct Object / Purpose / Place / (Time) Expressions of time can be put at the beginning or end of the sentence. Here are some examples: Time Subject Verb Every morning Jae drives Tetsuya told The students invited Eduardo gave On the weekend Indirect object Mohammed his girlfriend Direct object his brother Purpose Time to work. the amazing story their ELI classmates to a party a beautiful ring for their anniversary. Over the rear-end have past year accidents increased Place for cars merging outside the movie theatre last night. at their house last Saturday. onto the Burrard Street bridge. Note 1: In some cases, place can be put at the beginning of the sentence after time, but this is not as common as the order above. Example: Last night outside the movie theatre, Tetsuya told Mohammed the amazing story. (time-place) Note 2: Manner adverbs usually follow the verb and come before place and time. Example: Sharon sang loudly in the bathroom during her shower. (manner-place-time OR howwhere-when) Get with Grammar! English Language Institute University of British Columbia 2 Note 3: Move from specific to general when there are more than two expressions of time or place. Examples: at five o’clock (specific) on Saturday (general) in her office (specific) at UBC (general) Now, try the exercises. 1. Arrange the words into sentences with correct word order. a) to Spanish/translated/last week/from English/Jaime/the documents ______________________________________________________________ b) her first year/Samar/in Saudi Arabia/English/has been studying/of junior high school/ since ______________________________________________________________ c) has become/50 years/more and more/Vancouver/over the past/multicultural ______________________________________________________________ d) two sets/the police/in the hotel room/found/of fingerprints/on the mirror ______________________________________________________________ e.) have won/2010/six games/the Vancouver Canucks/in a row/ since October 6th/at home ______________________________________________________________ f.) on the island/the death toll/from a tsunami/of Sumatra/rose/more than 300/and a volcano/to/in Indonesia/yesterday ______________________________________________________________ g.) in Horseshoe Bay/in a car/on Saturday/two bodies/near the ferry terminal/were found/ parked ______________________________________________________________ h.) competitive/to gain status/play/today’s/boys/world/sports/in ______________________________________________________________ i.) migrate/to the warm south/millions/from the cold north/each winter/birds/of ______________________________________________________________ j.) two packs/10 years/of Alzheimer’s disease/of cigarettes/has doubled/smoking/in midlife/in the past/the risk/in people/a day ______________________________________________________________ by Angie Gerst and Cristina Peralejo, 2011 3 Way to go! Remember: Nothing is to be had for nothing. Epictetus Get with Grammar! English Language Institute University of British Columbia 4 Basic English word order in yes/no questions is: Auxiliary verb Have Does are did do Question word What Where When Who Here are some examples: giving meet leave was dancing visited have you Ami you Yuka you Main verb Subject Queena Indirect object salsa Jaelyn Direct object Jung Ho plans for a graduation party for her birthday Purpose for Japan? at the club on Robson Street? at the party in the hospital? Place Who or What / Verb / Indirect object / Direct object / Purpose Place / Time? after the ceremony? this year? last night? Time This works for all question words except “who” and “what”, which sometimes replace the subject: Question word / Auxiliary verb- / Subject / Main verb / Indirect object / Direct object / Purpose / Place / Time? Basic English word order in information questions is: Auxiliary verb/ Subject- / Main verb- / Indirect Object- / Direct object- / Purpose / Place- / Time? Word Order: Question Word Order by Angie Gerst and Cristina Peralejo, 2011 5 Now, try the exercises. 1. Rearrange the words & phrases in the correct word order to make questions. a) at 5pm / who / last Saturday evening / was / in Stanley park / robbed ______________________________________________________________ b) Olivia / every day / does / to her job / commute / at UBC ______________________________________________________________ c) Victoria / the Eli students / last Saturday / have / visiting / a good time / did ______________________________________________________________ d) Yayoi / Tony / with her homework / help / during class / did ______________________________________________________________ e) by bus / Aaram / has / to Seattle / travelled ______________________________________________________________ f) decide / on his birthday / Sam / why / to give up / did / smoking ______________________________________________________________ g) Canadians / the 2010 Olympics / during / gold medals / did / how many / win ______________________________________________________________ h) in their rooms / why / children / video games / at night / do / late / so many / play ______________________________________________________________ i) utensils / in some parts / food / eaten / of the world / is / why / without ______________________________________________________________ j) Canadians / purchasing / online / did / spend / money / goods and services / in 2009 /how much ______________________________________________________________ Alright! Keep in mind: We should not let our fears hold us back from pursuing our hopes. John F. Kennedy Get with Grammar! English Language Institute University of British Columbia 6 Word Order: Adverb Word Order Middle position adverbs Adverbs of frequency tell us how often something happens. Here are some examples: always constantly usually often sometimes rarely typically normally frequently occasionally infrequently mostly seldom generally hardly ever never commonly regularly Adverbs of certainty tell us how likely something is to happen: probably, certainly, definitely Other adverbs: also, just, only, even, nearly, really, hardly, still, all, both Here are some examples: Subject Auxiliary verb Maria Adverb normally Main verb does Gofran doesn’t usually Yuri’s car was probably stolen Abdullah had never been Sung Hee will definitely help you obviously loves fresh vegetables Chang Xing The ELI students are play Direct object her homework tennis Purpose Place Time for reading class at home after school. at UBC in the evening. from the parkade abroad two nights ago. before coming to Vancouver. tomorrow between classes. with your homework all by Angie Gerst and Cristina Peralejo, 2011 at the ELI from his garden. in class right now. 7 Initial position adverbs include: 1) Adverbs that comment on what is said can go in initial or middle position: Frankly/Honestly, I don’t think you should go away this weekend. Clearly/Obviously/Actually, Susan is having a great time at the party. 2) Adverbs that connect sentences: However/Nevertheless, the students were very tired after midterms. 3) Some adverbs of certainty: Maybe/Perhaps we can see that new movie premiere tonight. Middle position adverbs: If the verb is one word, the adverb is usually put directly before the verb. When “be” is the main verb, adverbs are put after “be”. In sentences with two verbs (auxiliary + main verb), adverbs are usually put after the auxiliary & before the main verb Adverbs go before “have to.” (ex) Xiao Ping always has to wait a long time for the bus in the morning. Final position adverbs Some middle position adverbs can also be put after the verb. Examples: We go shopping downtown occasionally. Ricardo cycles to work frequently in winter. Note: Middle position is the most common place for adverbs. If you are not sure where to put frequency adverbs, put them in middle position. Get with Grammar! English Language Institute University of British Columbia 8 Now, try the exercises. 1. Add the adverbs to the sentences and make any necessary changes to the sentences. a) usually Aya practices piano after school. ________________________________________________________________ b) often Do you go to clubs downtown on the weekend? ________________________________________________________________ c) probably Oswaldo is not going to travel around Canada this summer. ________________________________________________________________ d) really Yuri has to study hard for her vocabulary quiz to get a good grade. ________________________________________________________________ e) just Grace has finished her work for the day, so she’s heading home now. ________________________________________________________________ f) definitely Yasuko and Arisa have strong personalities. ________________________________________________________________ g) occasionally Rayoung drinks wine with dinner on the weekend. ________________________________________________________________ h) generally Does Shawn spend so much time playing video games in the evening? ________________________________________________________________ i) honestly I think it’s a better idea to exercise more than to go on a diet. ________________________________________________________________ by Angie Gerst and Cristina Peralejo, 2011 9 j) however The students were in a great mood because the long weekend was coming up. Their teachers gave them a lot of homework to do during their break. ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ k) perhaps Mohammed should spend less time going out at night and more time studying. ________________________________________________________________ l) obviously Ting Li is very focused on entering UBC next fall to do her Master’s degree. ________________________________________________________________ Keep going! This is amazing: All things are possible until they are proved impossibleand even the impossible may only be so, as of now. Pearl S. Buck Get with Grammar! English Language Institute University of British Columbia 10 Word Order: Adjective Word Order Adjectives are used to describe nouns. When using multiple adjectives in sequence before the noun, you need to use them in the correct order. Avoid using more than three adjectives in a row. The following table shows the order of adjectives and some examples of each adjective type: Determiners Opinion Size Amount Appearance Dimension Number Value Shape Age Observations a/an interesting long/short round new/old the boring tall/short square young/old much/many beautiful big/small pointed ancient/modern a few handsome wide/narrow flat/raised teenage several expensive huge/enormous oval antique some smelly tiny rectangular a lot of useful/useless petite triangular ten handy Origin Substance fifty-two Colour Condition Pattern Material Texture green worn Canadian wooden bluish plain Japanese woolen olive rough/smooth Mexican cotton pink immaculate Iranian plastic black/white striped African metal orangey checked Brazilian copper rust-coloured patterned Swiss leather tattered French by Angie Gerst and Cristina Peralejo, 2011 11 Here are some examples: Det/Amt/# Opinion Size Shape Age Colour Value Cond/ Origin Material Noun Pattern Texture the gorgeous a loud a pair of blue square fit a herd of elegant car ancient small three Italian tattered lean old roughskinned woolen alarm clock gloves Chinese swimmers Arabian camels NOTE: for 2 or more adjectives in the same category, either one can come first. Hint: A good way to remember adjective work order is this phrase! DOSSACCOM What does DOSSACCOM stand for? D = determiner O = opinion S = size S = shape A = age C = colour C = condition O = origin M = material Get with Grammar! English Language Institute University of British Columbia 12 Now, try the exercises. 1. Place the adjectives in the correct order before the noun. a) shoes: worn, classic, a pair of, leather ______________________________________________________________ b) toy: orange, a, cheap, plastic ______________________________________________________________ c) insects: several, bluish-green, pair-shaped, tiny ______________________________________________________________ d) knife: well-used, a, army, Swiss, red ______________________________________________________________ e) bookcase: antique, expensive, textured, an, wooden ______________________________________________________________ f) geese: Canadian, a flock of, aggressive, noisy ______________________________________________________________ g) wood: green, five, pieces of, square, smooth ______________________________________________________________ h) horses: brown, old, exhausted, the ______________________________________________________________ i) socks: old, smelly, pair of, woolen, a ______________________________________________________________ j) snakes: two, spotted, exotic, enormous ______________________________________________________________ Good job! Can you believe: Failure is impossible. Susan B. Anthony by Angie Gerst and Cristina Peralejo, 2011 13