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Common Nouns A common noun is the word used for a class of person, place or thing. Examples: • • • • car man bridge town Proper Nouns A proper noun is the name of a person, place or thing (i.e., its own name). A proper noun always starts with a capital letter. For example: • Marry • Africa Count Nouns • It refers to anything that is countable, and has a singular and plural form. Examples: • Car • video • ball Uncountable nouns Uncountable nouns (also called noncount nouns and mass nouns) are nouns that: • cannot be counted • cannot be used alone with numbers • We cannot "count" uncountable nouns by themselves. Example: Pronoun A pronoun is a part of a speech which functions as a replacement for a noun. Some examples of pronouns are: I, it, he, she, mine, his, hers, we, they, theirs, and ours. Sample Sentences: 1.The largest slice is mine. 2.We are number one. Uncountable Nouns • Anything that cannot be counted is an uncountable noun. Even though uncountable nouns are not individual objects, they are always singular and one must always use singular verbs in conjunction with uncountable nouns. • • • • Music Art love happiness 3. Adjective • In linguistics, an adjective is a describing word, the main syntactic role of which is to qualify a noun or noun phrase, giving more information about the object signified. Descriptive adjective or adjective of quality Descriptive adjectives are the most numerous of the different types of adjectives. These adjectives describe nouns that refer to action, state, or quality (careless, dangerous, excited, sad, black, white, big, small, long, fat, English, Mediterranean, threecornered).dangerous chemicals green vegetables a square box a big house a tall tree a cold morning a true story English language Mediterranean country. • Examples: dangerous chemicals green vegetables a square box a big house a tall tree a cold morning a true story English language Mediterranean country. Adjective of quantity An adjective of quantity tells us the number (how many) or amount (how much) of a noun. Examples: 1.He has eaten three apples. 2.I don’t have much money. Demonstrative adjective A demonstrative adjective (this, that, these, those) shows the noun it modifies is singular or plural and whether the position of the noun is near or far from the person who is speaking or writing. A demonstrative adjective also points out a fact about the noun. Example 1.This red balloon is mine and those three yellow ;ones are yours. 2.This cute baby is his brother. That cute baby is his sister. Possessive adjective • A possessive adjective expresses possession of a noun by someone or something. Possessive adjectives are the same as possessive pronouns. • Examples of possessive adjectives/pronouns: • 1.I spent my afternoon cleaning the toilet. • 2.This must be your cap. Verb • a word used to describe an action, state, or occurrence, and forming the main part of the predicate of a sentence, such as hear, become, happen. Often, prefixes and suffixes (affixes) will signify that a word is a verb. For exa mple, the suffixes -ify, -ize, -ate, or -en usually signify that a word is a verb, as in typify, characterize, irrigate, and sweeten. Prefixes such as be-, de-, or en- may signify that a word is a verb, as in bestow, dethrone, and encourage. Suffixes Example Prefixes Example: Example for verb: Irine tasted the exotic food. AUXILLARY VERB: The auxiliary verbs, also called “helping verbs,” allo w you to write in various verb tenses and voices wh en combined with a base or main Verb Example • I was given a two-week notice by the sales agent Question • It must have been raining very hard Answer • The main verb is raining and the auxiliary verbs are must have been. What are the Different LINKING VERB: A linking verb is a kind of verb that links a subject to the complement. Examples of linking verbs are: am, is, was, are, were, has been, might have been, become, etc. Example • Irine tasted the exotic food. • The exotic food tasted great! Question • They are a problem • The eggs smell rotten. Answer • The word "are" is the linking verb that connects "they" and "problem" to sh ow the relationship between the two words. • The word “egg” is the linking verb that connects “the” and : • “smell” MODEL VERB: A modal is a type of auxiliary (helping) verb that is used to express: ability, possibility, p ermission or obligation. Modal phrases (or semi-modals) are used to express the same things as modals, but are a combination of auxiliary verbs and the preposition to. • • • • • • The modals and semi-modals in English are: Can/could/be able to May/might Shall/should Must/have to Will/would Example • Tom can write poetry very well. Question • Can I ask a question, please? • You can wear what you like, but you must look neat and tidy. Answer • “Can i ask” is the modal verb • “must look” is the modal verb STATIVE VERB: Stative verbs can be recognized because they express a state rather than an action. They typicall y relate to thoughts, emotions, relationships, senses, states of being, and measurements. Example • • • • • • • Our client appreciated all the work we did for him. Question She resembles her mother They really appreciate eveything you did for them. Answer “resembes” is the stative verb. “appreciate” is the stative verb. 5. Adverb Adverb is word or phrase that modifies the meaning of an adjective, verb, or other adverb, expressing manner, place, time, or degree (e.g. gently, here, now, very ). Some adverbs, for example sentence adverbs, can also be used to modify whole sentences. 1. Adverb of time 2. Adverb of place 3. Adverb of manner 4. Adverb of degree Adverb of time • These adverbs tell us about the time of action. e.g. now, then, soon, tomorrow, yesterday, today, tonight, again, early, yesterday. Examples • He collapsed and died yesterday • His factory was burned down a few months ago • I will buy a computer tomorrow. Adverb of place Adverb of place tells us about the place of action or where action occurs/occurred/will occur. • e.g. here, there, near, somewhere, outside, ahead, on the top, at some place. Examples • We can stop here for lunch • .He will come here. • The children are playing outside. Adverb of manner These adverbs tell us that in which manner the action occurs or how the action occurs or occurred or will occur. Examples • The brothers were badly injured in the fight • she speaks loudly • At the advanced age of 88, she still sang very well. Adverb of degree An adverb of degree tells us the level or extent that something is done or happens. Words of adverb of degree are almost, much, nearly, quite, really, so, too, very, etc. Examples: • It was too dark for us to find our way out of the cave. • The referee had to stop the match when it began to rain very heavily • After all these years, she is still feeling very sad about her father’s death. Adverb of frequency Adverbs of frequency tell us how many times the action occurs or occurred or will occur. • e.g. daily, sometimes, often, seldom, usually, frequently, always, ever, generally, rarely, monthly, yearly. Examples: • They were almost fifty when they got married. • .He complained that she never smiled back. Preposition • Preposition can be defined as “A word governing, and usually preceding, a noun or pronoun and expressing a relation to another word or element in the clause, as in ‘the man on the platform’, ‘she arrived after dinner’, ‘what did you do it for ?” What is Preposition Preposition is one of the important parts of speech of English grammar. It is very essential while making a sentence as it provide additional and necessary details. Prepositions in English are words giving information to the readers such as where something takes place, when something takes place, why something takes place, general descriptive information, etc. Preposition • • • • • Simple Preposition Compound Preposition Phrase Preposition Participle Preposition Double Preposition Simple Preposition Simple prepositions are used in the simple sentences. Some of the simple prepositions are in, on, at, to, from, with, by, about, over, under, off, of, for, etc. For example: • I am not going with • She is waiting in the park. Compound Preposition Compound prepositions are used to join two nouns, pronouns or phrases. Some of the compound prepositions are about, across, among, beside, before, above, along, inside, between, around, behind, below, beneath, etc. For example: • My city is located between two mountains. • I will finish the lunch before Phrase Preposition Prepositional phrases are groups of words having prepositions indicating relationships among various elements in the sentence. Some of the phrase prepositions are according to, an account of, in spite of, in front of, for the sake of, in order to, by means of, with reference to, in addition to, due to, etc. For example: • I returned home due to condolence in the college. • According to me, there were three mango trees in the garden. Participle Preposition A participle preposition is a participle (like an, ed, or ing verb) which acts as a preposition such as assuming, considering, barring, given, concerning, notwithstanding, pending, during, regarding, respected, provided, etc. For example: • I get sick during summer season. • I would like to speech regarding healthy food. Double Preposition Double prepositions are words having two prepositions (joined together to make a whole new one) such as into, onto, outside of, out of, within, from behind, because of, etc. For example: • We need to solve three questions out of • We won the game just because of Conjunction The conjunction is a part of a speech which joins words, phrases, or clauses together. • Examples of Conjunctions: and, yet, but, for, nor, or, and so Sample Sentences: • This cup of tea is delicious and very soothing. • Kiyoko has to start all over again because she didn’t follow the professor’s instructions. 8. Interjection This part of a speech refers to words which express emotions. Since interjections are commonly used to convey strong emotions, they are usually followed by an exclamation point. Sample Sentences: • Ouch! That must have hurt. • Hurray, we won! • Hey! I said enough!