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How to Ace Grammar 1. Cross out: (prepositional phrases) 2. Find Verbs (HV MV) or (HV LV) 3. To find the Subject, ask “Who” or “What” and say the verb(s) 4. Write the sentence patterns: S – AV – DO or S – AV – IO – DO S – AV – adverb or S – AV – DO – OC S – LV – Pr Nom or S – LV – Pr Adj (Linking verbs: is am are was were be being been) (appear (seem become smell sound feel stay grow look taste remain) touch turn) 5. To find the DO, say the S V and ask “What” or “Whom”? 6. To find the IO, say the S V and ask “to what” or “to whom”? “for what” or or “for whom”? 7. To find the Pr Nom, find the S and LV and find a noun or pronoun after the verb which is a “synonym” for the S. 8. To find the Pr Adj, find the S and LV and find an adjective after the LV which describes the S. How to Ace Phrases and Clauses 1. beginning = N(S) no comma 1. prepositional phrases 2. beginning _______, and comma = adverb 2. appositive phrases (small definitions) 3. after an action verb – answers “What?” (“Whom?”) = N(DO) 3. participial phrs. (-ing or –ed = adjs.) 4. after an action verb – answers Where, When, Why, How? = adverb 5. after a preposition = N(OP) 4. gerund phrs. (-ing = nouns=S,D/IO,OP,PN,APP) 6. after a linking verb (LV) = N (Pr Nom) 5. infinitive phrs. (to + verb = nouns, adjs., advs.) 7. the only thing that can modify an adjective is what? adj. _____ (an adverb) 8. the only thing that can modify a noun is what? (an adjective) noun _____ Sentences 1. I = Simple 2. I + I = CP ( + = ; or , conjunction ) (the “fan boys” = for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so) 3. I S 4. I + I or S, I or I(subject) S I(predicate) = CX S (any order) = CP-CX Starter Words for Subordinate Clauses Adv. Cls. (Subordinating Conjunctions) Adj. Cls. (relative pronouns) Noun Cls. (all of these) plus: after considering than | who | whoever although considering that though | whom | whomever as even though unless | whose | what & whatever as far as if until | , which, | whichever as if inasmuch as when | that | where & wherever as long as in order that whenever | plus sub. conjs: | however as soon as provided (that) where | where | that as though since whereas | when | whether because so long as wherever | why | why before so (that) while | |