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THE RENAISSANCE AND
THE REFORMATION
PART 1: THE RENAISSANCE
WHAT IS THE RENAISSANCE?
• The term means rebirth, and in
this context, it refers to a revival
of art and learning. Beginning
in the prosperous states of Italy
from about 1300 to 1600, the
Renaissance marked the
emergence of a new urban
culture that was largely spread
by trade.
Johannes Vermeer
MAIN FEATURES
• The educated hoped to bring back
classical Greek and Roman culture.
• The contributions made during
this period led to innovative styles
of art and literature.
• They also led to new values, such
as the importance of the
individual.
Raphael’s Portrait of Baldassare Castiglione
WHAT FACTORS LED TO THE RENAISSANCE?
• Church unable to prevent
hardships
• Populated City-States
• Importance of the Individual
• Limited traditional business
• Merchants dominate politics
• A merit class develops
• Greek and Roman Roots.
FEATURES OF ITALIAN CITY-STATES
• Larger populated areas
• Italy had prospered from a
flourishing trade that had
expanded during the Middle Ages
• Italy had failed to develop a
centralized monarchical state. The
lack of a single strong ruler made
it possible for a number of citystates to remain independent
MILAN
• One of the richest city-states,
Milan stood at the crossroads of
the main trade routes from Italian
coastal cities to the Alpine passes
• Francesco Sforza led a band of
mercenaries—soldiers who fought
primarily for money. Sforza
conquered the city and became its
duke.
VENICE
• Venice, served as a commercial
link between Asia and Western
Europe.
• Officially, Venice was a republic
with an elected leader called a
doge. In reality, a small group of
merchant ran the government of
Venice for their benefit.
FLORENCE
• a small, wealthy group of merchants
established control of the Florentine
government
• The wealthy Medici family ran the
government from behind the scenes.
Using his wealth and personal
influence, Lorenzo dominated the city
• he ruled as a dictator yet kept up the
appearance of having an elected
government
TROUBLE FROM FRANCE AND SPAIN
• The riches of Italy attracted the
French and Spanish king
• The French king led an army of
30,000 men into Italy.
• For the next 30 years, the French
and the Spanish battled in Italy as
they sought to dominate the
region. Mercenaries were let
loose to sack the city of Rome.
WHAT IS HUMANISM?
• was an intellectual movement that
focused on human potential and
achievements. A number of key
features include individuality and
independence, a rejection of
dogma, progressive attitude, civic
duty, a cosmopolitan approach,
materialism, refinement, and
pursuit of wide range of interests.
3 MAIN GOALS
• First, instead of trying to make
classical texts agree with Christian
teaching, humanists studied them to
understand ancient Greek values.
• Secondly, they wanted to use classical
values, such as truth and virtue, to
revitalize their culture.
• Third, they believed that intellectuals
had a duty to live an active civic life
and to put their study of the
humanities to the state's service.
FRANCESCO PETRARCH
• is often called the father of Italian
Renaissance humanism.
• He looked for forgotten Latin
manuscripts and set in motion a
search for similar manuscripts in
monastic libraries throughout
Europe.
• Petrarch also began the humanist
emphasis on using pure classical
Latin
HUMANISM VERSUS CHURCH DOCTRINE
HUMANISM
• Humanist assume men are
good with proper education.
• Humanist assume there are
hidden values and principles
that can be revealed through
studying. Individuals must
strive to learn in order to
create active citizens.
CHURCH DOCTRINE
• Church assumes humans are sinful by
nature and incapable of reform but
through God’s grace.
• Church assumes the values that
universal are those revealed in one
source, the bible, and could be
understood through an established
elite through gods grace.
CHRISTIAN HUMANIST
• In an effort to reconcile both approaches
Christians who subscribed to some of the
principles of humanism such as individuality,
freedom, and rationale inquiry advocated
Christian Humanism. Christian humanism is the
belief that human freedom, individual conscience,
and unencumbered rational inquiry are
compatible with the practice of Christianity or
even intrinsic in its doctrine.
Erasmus
THE RENAISSANCE MAN
• All educated people were
expected to create art. In fact, the
ideal individual strove to master
almost every area of study. A man
who excelled in many fields was
praised as a “universal man.”
RENAISSANCE EDUCATION
• Education during this time became
increasingly secular—less focused on
religion. Renaissance humanists
believed that education could change
human beings
• At the core of humanist schools were
the liberal studies. These form the
basis of today's liberal arts. According
to the humanists, students should
learn history, ethics, public speaking,
grammar, logic, poetry, mathematics,
astronomy, and music.
REALISTIC PAINTING AND SCULPTURE
• Following the new emphasis on
individuals, painters began to
paint prominent citizens. These
realistic portraits revealed what
was distinctive about each person.
In addition, artists such as the
sculptor, poet, architect, and
painter Michelangelo used a
realistic style when depicting the
human body.
LEONARDO, RENAISSANCE MAN
• Leonardo da Vinci was a painter,
sculptor, inventor, and scientist. A
true “Renaissance man,” he was
interested in how things worked.
He studied how a muscle moves
and how veins are arranged in a
leaf
• Leonardo painted one of the bestknown portraits in the world, the
Mona Lisa
MACHIAVELLI ADVISES RULERS
• Political power fascinated the
people of the Italian Renaissance.
No one gave better expression to
this interest than Niccolò
Machiavelli. In his book, The
Prince (1513), Machiavelli
examines how a ruler can gain
power through guile, cunning, and
cruelty.
PART 2: THE REFORMATION
CAUSES OF A WEAKENED CHURCH AND THE
EARLY REFORMATION
• The Babylonian Captivity.
• It was difficult for the pope or the
emperor to impose central authority.
• Merchants resented paying church
taxes to Rome and ignored church rules
which hurt trade.
• Critics of the Church claimed that its
leaders were corrupt.
• The Renaissance emphasis on the
secular and the individual challenged
Church.
LUTHER 95 THESIS
• In 1517, Luther decided to take a
public stand against the actions of
a friar named Johann Tetzel. Tetzel
was raising money to rebuild St.
Peter’s Cathedral in Rome. He did
this by selling indulgences.
• Luther was troubled by Tetzel’s
tactics. In response, he wrote 95
Theses, or formal statements,
attacking the Church.
LUTHER’S TEACHINGS
• People could win salvation only by
faith in God’s gift of forgiveness. The
Church taught that faith and “good
works” were needed for salvation.
• All Church teachings should be
clearly based on the words of the
Bible.
• All people with faith were equal.
Priests are not needed to interpret the
Bible
EDICT AT WORMS
• Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, a
devout Catholic, also opposed
Luther’s teaching. He summoned
Luther to the town of Worms in
1521 to stand trial. Told to recant,
Luther refused. Charles issued an
imperial order, the Edict of Worms.
It declared Luther an outlaw and a
heretic.
THE EFFECTS OF LUTHER
• His Early attempts at reform had great
implications especially after the advent
of the printing press. Instead of
continuing to seek reforms in the
Catholic Church, Luther and his
followers had become a separate
religious group, called Lutherans.
• In the Peace of Ausburg, German
princes who remained loyal to the pope
agreed to join forces against Luther’s
ideas, causing conflict.
ENGLAND VERSUS THE POPE
• Unlike Luther, the man who broke
England’s ties to the Roman
Catholic Church did so for political
and personal, not religious,
reasons.
• In 1527, Henry asked the pope to
annul his marriage, but the pope
turned him down.
ACT OF SUPREMACY
• In 1534, Henry’s break with the
pope was completed when
Parliament voted to approve the
Act of Supremacy. This called on
people to take an oath recognizing
the divorce and accepting Henry,
not the pope, as the official head of
England’s Church.
BLOODY MARY
• Henry VIII successors faced
trouble from Catholics and
protestants.
• Mary took the throne in 1553. She
wanted to restore Catholic rule.
Her efforts met with considerable
resistance, and she had many
Protestants executed.
ELIZABETH RESTORES PROTESTANTISM
• Elizabeth I was determined to
return her kingdom to
Protestantism. In 1559, Parliament
followed Elizabeth’s wishes and set
up a Church of England, or
Anglican Church, with Elizabeth as
its head.
• To please Catholics, the Church of
England kept some of its customs.
EARLY JOHN CALVIN
• John Calvin was a young law
student in France with a growing
interest in Church doctrine. When
Martin Luther posted his 95 Theses
in 1517, John Calvin had been only
eight years old. But Calvin grew up
to have as much influence in the
spread of Protestantism as Luther
did.
CALVINISM
• Calvin wrote that men are sinful by
nature.
• Humans cannot earn salvation.
• Calvin went on to say that God
chooses a very few people to save,
the “elect.” He believed that God has
known since the beginning of time
who will be saved. This doctrine is
called predestination. The religion
based on Calvin’s teachings is called
Calvinism.
A HEAVENLY CITY: GENEVA
• Calvin believed that the ideal
government was a theocracy. In 1541,
Protestants in Geneva, Switzerland,
asked Calvin to lead their city. He and
his followers ran the city according to
strict rules. Anyone who preached
different doctrines might be burned
at the stake. Yet, to many Protestants,
Calvin’s Geneva was a model city of
highly moral citizens.
CALVIN INFLUENCE IN FRANCE: HUGUENOTS
• Swiss, Dutch, and French reformers
adopted the Calvinist form of church
organization. Over the years, however,
many of them have softened Calvin’s
strict teachings. In France, Calvin’s
followers were called Huguenots.
Hatred between Catholics and
Huguenots frequently led to violence.
• The most violent clash occurred in
Paris on August 24, 1572—the
Catholic feast of St. Bartholomew’s
Day
THE ANABAPTISTS
• Another product of the reformation
where deemed radicals in their
day. The Anabaptist baptized only
those persons who were old
enough to decide to be Christian.
The Anabaptists also taught that
church and state should be
separate, and they refused to fight
in wars.
THE CATHOLIC REFORMATION (COUNTER
REFORMATION)
• While Protestant churches won
many followers, millions remained
true to Catholicism. Helping
Catholics to remain loyal was a
movement within the Catholic
Church to reform itself.
Paul Rubens (1577-1640,) devout Roman Catholic painting
THE JESUIT MISSION
• They founded superb schools
throughout Europe. Jesuit teachers
were well-trained in both classical
studies and theology.
• The Jesuits’ second mission was to
convert non- Christians to
Catholicism. So, they sent out
missionaries around the world.
• Their third goal was to stop the
spread of Protestantism. The zeal of
the Jesuits would lead them to
challenge protestants.
COUNCIL OF TRENT
• From 1545 to 1563, at the Council
of Trent, Catholic bishops and
cardinals agreed on several
doctrines:
• The Church’s interpretation of the
Bible was final
• Christians needed faith and good
works for salvation
• Indulgences were valid
expressions of faith.
THE FORBIDDEN BOOKS
• The next pope, Paul IV, vigorously
carried out the council’s decrees. In
1559, he had officials draw up a list of
books considered dangerous to the
Catholic faith. This list was known as
the Index of Forbidden Books.
Catholic bishops throughout Europe
were ordered to gather up the
offensive books (including Protestant
Bibles) and burn them in bonfires.
THE LEGACY OF THE REFORMATION
• End of Unity and rise of many factions.
• Religious violence and intolerance.
• Catholics and Protestants sis little to
change women’s subordinate role in
society
• As the Catholic Church’s moral and
political authority declined, individual
monarchs and states gained power. This
led to the development of modern nationstates. In the 1600s, rulers of nation states
would seek more power for themselves