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Unit Two European History: Renaissance and Reformation STUDY GUIDE The following is a list of items about which you should be able to speak intelligently if you are to succeed on this exam. Study your notes, handouts, and the book (pp. 36-66) Renaissance: Humanism Naturalism Brunelleschi Michelangelo Raphael Imitation of Greeks and Romans (the ancients) Realism Secularism Redirection of focus from Middle Ages Leonardo da Vinci William Shakespeare Changes in art, architecture, math, medicine, etc. Reformation: Long term causes Nationalism and strong monarchs Great Schism (1378-1417) Christendom Babylonian Captivity (1309-1377) Weakening of respect for church authority Martin Luther 1517 – H.R.E., Scandinavia John Calvin 1530s, Switzerland, Scotland, Netherlands King Henry VIII 1530s, England Catholic counter-reformation (counterattack) Abuses in the Church – simony, nepotism, etc. 95 Theses Indulgences Excommunication, heresy Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor Frederick the Wise Luther’s doctrines – especially Sola Scriptura, Sola Fidei, Priesthood of all believers, rejection of Pope Causes of spread and acceptance of Lutheranism Peace of Augsburg, Treaty of Westphalia Calvin’s Institutes of the Christian Religion Calvin’s doctrines – esp. Predestination, the “Elect” Edict of Nantes Theocracy Huguenots (French Calvinists) Presbyterian Church Henry VIII – Act of Supremacy Edward VI, Mary Tudor, Elizabeth I Annulment, Catherine of Aragon Anglican Church Pope Paul III Holy Inquisition Society of Jesus (a.k.a. Jesuits) Council of Trent Index of Forbidden Books Ignatius of Loyola Scientific Revolution: Copernicus Galileo Rene Descartes, Francis Bacon, Scientific Method Isaac Newton – calculus The following are questions you should be able to respond to if you are to be prepared for this exam. 1. A) Do you think that the Renaissance was an improvement over Middle Ages times? B) Why or why not? 2. What were the two major traits we spoke of in regard to the Renaissance? 3. A) What do you think was the most significant of the Church’s problems just before Luther? B) Why? 4. Why did the king or the prince have an interest in putting down heresy in this time period? 5. Identify and explain one teaching or doctrine with which A) Luther, B) Calvin, and C) Henry VIII each opposed classic Catholic teaching. Identify what they said and how it differs from the Catholic view. 6. A) Do you think that the Peace of Augsburg was a good settlement? B) Why? 7. A) Who do you think was the most important reformer (Catholic or Protestant) and B) why? 8. A) What do you think was the most significant thing done by the Catholic Church to stop the spread of Protestantism? B) Why this in particular?
