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EVOLUTION Math, science, history, Unravelling the mystery, It all started with the Big Bang! Late 15th and 16th Century The Age of Exploration Expansion of colonizing nations http://bruceruiz.net/PanamaHistory/age_of_expl oration_time_line.htm CHURCH Formed belief system in Europe Principle venue for education CREATIONISTS Believed God’s work was perfect Believed God made every living organism on the Earth as well as the universe Believed all forms of life were static – did NOT change Believed the earth was approx. 6000 years old **Death was punishment for all nonbelievers! 17th Century Evidence gathered from around the world Huge variety of species Fossils (how do you explain fossils if you’re a creationist?) Catastrophism Theory developed to explain fossils Species are periodically annihilated God creates new species George Louis Leclerc (1707-1788) Believed the Earth was 75 000 years old Founded biogeography Despite similar environments, different regions have distinct plants and animals Reputation destroyed by the church Stratification Jean Baptiste Lamarch (1744-1829) Attempted to explain how new species came into being Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics Under extreme need, organisms will change Acquired traits developed through use or disuse and then passed on Charles Darwin (1809-1882) Charles Darwin Was part of the gentry Training to be a doctor Was an avid collector (plants, fossils, rocks, etc.) Changed mind and went into the seminary (didn’t take his vows) 1831 – invited to participate on an exploration vessel, S.S. Beagle Spent 5 years in South America and the Pacific Islands Collected many unique species and fossils Charles Darwin Found seashells in the Andes Conclusion: must have been under water – Earth must be very old Found four different varieties of finches on four different islands Each varied slightly according to the needs of their environment Conclusion: species are forced to evolve or face extinction Charles Darwin Went against Creationists Was concerned with being ostracized by the church, and sat on his theories for 20 years until…. The Church of England believed evolution would upset the natural order of society Russell Wallace (1823-1913) Writes to Darwin from Malaysia Research contains some of the same conclusions as Darwin’s Darwin and Wallace publish joint papers (strength in numbers) Darwin Publishes… On the Origins of Species, in 1859 Research opened up debates between pro and non Darwinists Eventually religion seen as a matter of faith Research seen as science Darwin’s Observations 1. All species of plants and animals are capable of change 2. Organisms change from generation to generation depending on which characteristics they inherit 3. Offspring that inherit the most useful characteristics for a particular environment, have increase chances for survival 4. The individuals that survive are most likely to leave their inheritable traits to future generations 5. This process results in populations that adapt to the environment over time - eventually the new variety becomes the new species Darwin Called His Theory, Natural Selection 1. There is variation in traits Example: Some beetles are green and some are brown. 2. There is Differential Reproduction - since the environment can’t support unlimited population growth, not all individuals get to reproduce Example: green beetles tend to get eaten by birds more than brown beetles. 3. Heredity is at work Example: The surviving brown beetles have brown baby beetles because this trait has a genetic basis 4. Environmental Advantages The more advantageous the trait, the more common it becomes in the population Example: Brown beetles become more common until eventually, all beetles are brown. If you have variation, differential reproduction, and heredity, you will have evolution by Natural Selection as an outcome. *Darwin could not explain heredity Survival of the Fittest What does “Survival of the fittest” mean? - Where have you heard it? Darwin did not use the term to refer to the organism that was in the best physical shape - survival is a natural prerequisite for reproduction - any organism that can reproduce itself will survive, not just the fittest Herbert Spencer “Survival of the Fittest” was first used by Darwin in his book - Darwin used it to refer to species that were better adapted to the local environment Herbert Spencer borrowed the term from Darwin’s book 30 years after it was written Herbert Spencer changed the meaning of Darwin’s words He belonged to the Social Darwinism movement - they believed that only those people with the strongest moral character should survive, or society would weaken - people of strong moral character were chosen by God Social Darwinism was fundamentally racist - justified colonization - justified greed by wealthy people to take what they wanted with no obligation to poor http://www.ted.com/talks/david_gallo_sho ws_underwater_astonishments.html http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nS1tEnf kk6M