Download 2 Diseases and infections of food animals

2. DISEASES AND INFECTIONS OF FOOD ANIMALS
All farm animals naturally carry a wide range of diseases, some of which can also
affect humans. These diseases are known as zoonoses, and anybody in contact with infected
animals or contaminated animal products may be at risk from them. Moreover, profits are
reduced when illnesses and parasites affect the animals.
Thus, certain precautions to maintain healthy livestock are very important. Farmers
should cooperate with a veterinarian and consult on how to control the disease in the flock
or herd, follow good feeding and husbandry practices to help prevent animals carrying or
excreting large numbers of the disease-causing organisms, and keep all records of the herd.
Buying animals from disease-free herds and isolating new animals reduces the risk of
infectious outbreak as well. In some cases it is possible to lower the risk of contracting a
zoonosis by controlling the disease in the animal, for example, vaccinating cattle or using
wholesome feed. Although it is not possible to eliminate the risk of contracting a zoonosis
completely, the principles of good occupational hygiene to protect against the remaining risk
should be observed. These comprise three main points: following safe working practices,
using personal protective equipment and keeping good personal hygiene.
Monitoring the vital signs i.e. temperature, pulse and respiration rate in an animal
can lead to early detection of a disease. It is always better to prevent health problems than
to try to treat them once they have occurred. Still, if the animal contracts a disease, it must
be diagnosed correctly and cured with appropriate drugs.
Main zoonoses transmitted by livestock in the Czech Republic
Zoonoses represent a major portion of the reported infectious diseases in the Czech
Republic. They may be of viral, bacterial, parasitic or fungal etiology and the transmission is
either via direct contact with the infected animal (e.g. blood or saliva in case of rabies) or,
more frequently, via indirect contact (food borne or water borne diseases in case of
salmonella and campylobacteriosis). Among the most common zoonoses transmitted by
sheep, horses, cows and swines are listeriosis, brucellosis, Q fever, mycobacteriosis and
yersiniosis; typical zoonotic diseases associated with poultry are salmonellosis, avian
influenza, and campylobacteriosis.
Zoonoses are of great concern because they are still frequent, some of them tend to
appear suddenly and be particularly virulent and particular infections e.g. avian flu continue
to find new ways to move from organism to organism. In many cases the course of the
disease in people (mainly immunocompromised) may be complicated. Thus awareness of
and following strict precautions can significantly reduce the risk of contracting these
infections.
Task. Read the following article and decide whether the following statements are true or
false.
1) Salmonella
bacteria
can
cause
serious
infections
in
people
who
are
immunocomprised.
2) Infection of people via contact with an infected animal is impossible.
3) Salmonella can influence mortality of poultry embryos.
4) Via vertical transmission the bacterium gets into the egg.
5) Salmonella might be eradicated if all precautions were followed strictly.
Salmonella in poultry production
Salmonella species are gram negative, aerobic, rod-shaped, zoonotic bacteria that
can be transmitted by all animals, including humans. The incidence of various Salmonella
species seems to vary depending on geographic location and the types of food consumed.
Imported birds and animals may help to introduce different Salmonella species to the local
area which can lead to new and devastating outbreaks. Basically, the degree of illness
depends on factors of both the bacteria and the host. The bacterium’s serotype and phage
type is of significance but also the type of animal, age and general health status.
Salmonella in poultry can be regarded as two types of infection; the first group of
serotypes (e.g. Salmonella Pullorum and Salmonella Gallinarum) can cause severe clinical
disease in poultry but are rare in humans. It is mainly in very young chickens aged up to two
weeks that salmonella can cause disease and death. The symptoms may vary and include
weakness, loss of appetite, poor growth, malaise and watery diarrhoea. In adult poultry,
disease is rarely seen even if they have bacteria in the blood.
The second group (currently about 200 Salmonella serotypes associated with foodborne infections in humans in the EU) is primarily important for public health, since these
bacteria very often cause illness in humans, although normally do not cause clinical disease
in poultry.
Horizontal transmission (from contamination in the environment to the birds) is
frequent. Key routes of infection remain contaminated feed, contamination of hatchery
equipment and poultry houses, farm pests between flocks, staff movements and other
contaminated equipment. Infected poultry can clear themselves of infection after some
time; nevertheless some may excrete bacteria in droppings for several months and it is
practically impossible to rid a salmonella infected flock from the infection when kept on
permanent bedding. If Salmonella is present in chickens reared for meat it increases the risk
that the poultry meat produced from these chickens will be contaminated with these
bacteria. The disease in people may also frequently result from the contact with farm animal
dung (putting hands contaminated with dung in or close to the mouth, especially during
eating, drinking or smoking).
Vertical transmission (transmission of the bacteria from parent flocks to progeny) can
occur, subsequently chicks hatch and spread salmonella by direct contact or the infected
hatching eggs lead to low hatchability with increased embryo mortality and increased
mortality among newly hatched chickens. Via this route infection can be passed on to
humans via consumption of infected eggs. The disease has a greater chance of spreading in
overcrowded conditions, stale air environments, nest-boxes, and brooders.
In most cases, the birds are not sick and the production is not affected. The
incubation period of salmonella in people usually ranges from several hours to two days.
Possible signs and symptoms include nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhoea, fever,
chills, headache, muscle pains, and blood in the stool. They generally last four to seven days,
although it may take several months for the bowels to return to normal. A few varieties of
salmonella bacteria result in typhoid fever, a sometimes deadly disease that is more
common in developing countries.
Salmonella is widespread and its complete elimination from the environment is
unlikely to be economically feasible and possible in most countries. Nevertheless, if many of
the hygiene practice principles and biosecurity procedures are applied and followed as far as
possible, the risk of introduction and persistence of the infection may be reduced to minimal
levels.
Useful Phrases and Expressions - Disease Types and Description
disease
/dɪˈziːz/
nemoc
catch a disease
/kætʃ.../
dostat nemoc, onemocnět
get a disease
/ɡet.../
dostat nemoc, onemocnět
combat a disease
/ˈkɒmbæt.../
bojovat s nemocí
fight a disease
/faɪt.../
bojovat s nemocí
control a disease
/kənˈtrəʊl.../
tlumit nákazu
suffer from a disease /ˈsʌfə(r).../
trpět nemocí
illness
/ˈɪlnəs/
nemoc
disorder
/dɪsˈɔː(r)də(r)/
nemoc
ailment
/ˈeɪlmənt/
nemoc (obvykle ne vážná)
complaint
/kəmˈpleɪnt/
nemoc, neduh; symptom
non-communicable disease /nɒn kəˈmjuːnɪkəb(ə)l.../
neinfekční nemoc
non-infectious disease
/nɒn ɪnˈfekʃəs.../
neinfekční nemoc
communicable disease
/kəˈmjuːnɪkəb(ə)l.../
infekční nemoc
infectious disease
/ɪnˈfekʃəs.../
infekční nemoc
contagious disease
/kənˈteɪdʒəs.../
nakažlivá nemoc
transmissible disease
/trænzˈmɪsəb(ə)l.../
přenosná nemoc
contagion/infection
/kənˈteɪdʒ(ə)n/ /ɪnˈfekʃ(ə)n/ infekce, nákaza
endogenous infection
/enˈdɒdʒɪnəs.../
infekce vnitřního původu
exogenous infection
/ekˈsɒdʒɪnəs.../
infekce vnějšího původu
foodborne disease
/fuːdbɔː(r)n.../
nemoc přenášená potravinami
waterborne disease
/ˈwɔːtə(r)bɔː(r)n.../
nemoc přenášená vodou
airborne disease
/eə(r)bɔː(r)n.../
nemoc přenášená vzduchem
vector borne disease
/ˈvektə(r)bɔː(r)n.../
nemoc přenášená vektory
zoonosis
/zəʊˈɒnəsɪs/ or /ˌzəʊəˈnəʊsɪs/
zoonóza
congenital disease
/kənˈdʒenɪtəl.../
vrozené onemocnění
hereditary disease
/həˈredət(ə)ri.../
dědičné onemocnění
autoimmune disease
/ˌɔːtəʊɪˈmjuːn.../
autoimunitní onemocnění
notifiable disease
/ˈnəʊtɪˌfaɪəbəl.../
povinně hlášená nemoc
occupational disease
/ˌɒkjʊˈpeɪʃ(ə)nəl.../
nemoc z povolání
disease of affluence
/...ˈæflʊəns/
civilizační choroba
disease of civilization
/...ˌsɪvəlaɪˈzeɪʃ(ə)n/
civilizační choroba
curable/incurable disease
/ˈkjʊərəb(ə)l.../ /ɪnˈkjʊər.../ vyléčitelná/nevyléčitelná nemoc
deadly/fatal disease
/ˈdedli.../ /ˈfeɪt(ə)l.../
smrtelné onemocnění
acute disease
/əˈkjuːt.../
akutní/náhlé onemocnění
chronic disease
/ˈkrɒnɪk.../
chronické onemocnění
d. of environmental origin /...ɪnˌvaɪrənˈment(ə)l ˈɒrɪdʒɪn/ nem. závislá na prostředí
d. preventable by vaccination /...prɪˈventəb(ə)l.../
d. transmitted by non-conventional agents
nem., jíž lze předcházet očkováním
nem. přenášená nekonvenčními původci
epidemic
/ˌepɪˈdemɪk/
epidemie
pandemic
/pænˈdemɪk/
pandemie
endemic
/enˈdemɪk/
endemická choroba
mortality rate
/mɔː(r)ˈtæləti reɪt/
úmrtnost
morbidity rate
/ˌmɔː(r)ˈbɪdətiː reɪt/
nemocnost
infestation
/ˌɪnfeˈsteɪʃ(ə)n/
napadení (parazitem)
Disease description
Popis nemoci
carrier/vector
/ˈkæriə(r)/ /ˈvektə(r)/
přenašeč
cause
/kɔːz/
příčina
course
/kɔː(r)s/
průběh
history
/ˈhɪst(ə)ri/
anamnéza
incidence
/ˈɪnsɪd(ə)ns/
četnost, výskyt
incubation period
/ˌɪŋkjʊˈbeɪʃ(ə)n ˈpɪəriəd /
inkubační doba
occurrence
/əˈkʌrəns/
výskyt
onset
/ˈɒnˌset/
nástup, začátek
outbreak
/ˈaʊtˌbreɪk/
propuknutí
prevalence
/ˈprevələns/
prevalence
prevention
/prɪˈvenʃ(ə)n/
prevence
prognosis
/prɒɡˈnəʊsɪs/
prognóza
recognition
/ˌrekəɡˈnɪʃən/
rozpoznání
resistance
/rɪˈzɪst(ə)ns/
odolnost vůči nemoci/-em
surveillance
/sə(r)ˈveɪləns/
dozor nad nákazou
symptom/sign
/ˈsɪmptəm//saɪn/
symptom/příznak
treatment/therapy
/ˈtriːtmənt/ /ˈθerəpi/
léčba nemoci
Vocabulary part
1. Fill in the gaps with the “disease terms” described below. The first letters have been
given.
a disease or disorder that is inherited genetically
H…………………… D………………….
any disease producing agent
P……………………
an animal or plant that lives in or on a host
P……………………
the cause of a disease
E……………………
a prediction of the course of a disease
P……………………
extreme harmfulness
V……………………
an animal that nourishes and supports a parasite
H……………………
any disease easily transmitted by contact
C…………………… D…………………
arising from an unknown cause
I……………………
not presently active
L……………………
having a rapid onset and short but severe course
A……………………
a branch of medicine studying causes, nature and effects of diseases
P……………………
recognition of a disease by symptoms
D……………………
less than acute
S……………………
when referring to an onset of a disease
O……………………
an epidemic that is geographically widespread
P……………………
2. Fill in the gaps with the “symptom words” below and translate them into Czech.
aggression, anorexia, apathy, bleeding, blister, bloating, chills, constipation, convulsions,
cough, diarrhoea, difficulty swallowing, discharge, drooling , fatigue, fever, incoordination,
infertility, itching, malaise, miscarriage, nausea, paralysis, rash, respiratory arrest, stillbirth,
stomach ache, sweating, swelling, vomiting, weight gain, weight loss
Symptom
Meaning
decrease in weight
a feeling of general discomfort or uneasiness
Czech translation
passing solid waste from the body too often and in a
liquid form
inability to move solid waste out of the body easily
the feeling that you are going to vomit
decrease in weight
forceful expulsion of the contents of an animal’s
stomach through the mouth and sometimes the nose
a feeling of having no interest in anything
pain in the stomach
a feeling of being extremely tired, either physically or
mentally
violent movements of the body that cannot be
controlled
a liquid coming out from a part of the body when being
ill
the process of losing blood from the body
a feeling of coldness occurring during a high fever
the temperature of the body is very high
production of liquid on the surface of the skin when
hot, nervous, or ill
the increase in size of an area of the body caused by an
injury or an illness
any abnormal general swelling, or increase in diameter
of the abdominal area
a sudden and often repetitively occurring reflex which
helps to clear the large breathing passages from
secretions, irritants, foreign particles and microbes
very poor appetite whatever the cause
a change of the skin which affects its colour,
appearance or texture
a sensation that causes the desire or reflex to scratch
a swollen area on the skin that is full of a clear liquid
lack of the physical ability to have offspring
the spontaneous end of a pregnancy before foetal
viability
when a foetus has died in the uterus
an angry feeling that makes you want to attack or
defeat someone else
to let saliva (=the liquid in your mouth) come out of
your mouth
lack of coordination or organization
difficulty controlling food in the mouth, inability to
control food or saliva in the mouth
the cessation of normal respiration due to failure of the
lungs to function effectively
loss of muscle function for one or more muscles
inability to walk well due to damaged limbs, hooves or
feet
3. Discussion. Read the following description of the horse health condition and decide on
what further examination or investigation is appropriate.
The horse feels out of sorts during the whole week. It has already lost almost 5 kilos. It
suffers from diarrhoea and anorexia; and there was blood in the stools. Yesterday strange
scattered spots appeared behind the ears and on the forehead. The rash spreads rapidly, first
to the head and then to the neck. The horse presents shortness of breath and loses of
coordination. The pulse is regular in force as well as in time; blood pressure seems to be
normal.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
4. Translate into English.
1) silné krvácení z nozder
………………………………………………………….
2) vysoká horečka klesající za 2 dny
………………………………………………………….
3) některá zvířata jsou bez příznaků
………………………………………………………….
4) bolest kloubů a svalů
………………………………………………………….
5) problémy s dýcháním
………………………………………………………….
6) bolesti v horní části břicha
………………………………………………………….
7) napadený kus musí být v karanténě
………………………………………………………….
8) pozorujte životně důležité funkce
………………………………………………………….
9) nemoc ohlaste při prvních příznacích
………………………………………………………….
10) průběh onemocnění může být komplikovaný………………………………………………………….
11) tyto viry jsou obzvláště nakažlivé
………………………………………………………….
12) uchovávejte záznamy o stádu
………………………………………………………….
13) průběh nemoci je rozdělen do několika fází ………………………………………………………….
14) nemoc nelze vyléčit jen zpomalit
………………………………………………………….
15) zvýšená nemocnost v hejnu hus
………………………………………………………….
16) návrat k normálnímu stavu
………………………………………………………….
17) nemoc běžná pro rozvojové země
………………………………………………………….
18) bakterie v těle přežívají dlouho po uzdravení………………………………………………………….
19) přímý kontakt s přenašečem
………………………………………………………….
20) zbavit se nakažených kusů
………………………………………………………….
5. Match the following diseases with their descriptions.
avian influenza
campylobacteriosis
Q fever
avian mycobacteriosis
listeriosis
yersiniosis
brucellosis
E. coli
Mycotoxicosis
 1…………………………………………………………. In animals it is generally typified by late-term
abortions and inflammatory lesions in the male reproductive tract, less commonly
arthritis, and other reproductive disorders; also called e.g. Bang's disease, Crimean
fever, Gibraltar fever, Malta fever, Maltese fever, Mediterranean fever, rock fever, or
undulant; feverGram-negative, nonmotile, nonspore-forming, rod-shaped bacteria
 2…………………………………………………………. Of greatest clinical significance in ruminants,
but monogastrics can also be affected; usually occurs via ingestion of the organism
from feed/environment; can also enter through the nasal mucosa, conjunctiva and
wounds; Gram-positive rod-shaped bacterium
 3………………………………………………………….
Typical
respiratory
disease
(lethargy,
inappetence, nasal discharge, sneezing) characterised by reductions in egg
production; sometimes fatal, systemic disease ("fowl plague") characterized by
oedema, haemorrhages, and infection of the CNS; viral
 4…………………………………………………………. Disease of unknown etiology, first recognized
in Queensland, Australia in 1935; cattle, goats and sheep are most commonly
infected and can serve as a reservoir for the bacteria; a well-recognized cause of
abortions in ruminants; bacterial
 5………………………………………………………….
An
important
disease
which
affects
companion, captive, exotic, wild and domestic birds; lesions are typically found in the
liver and gastrointestinal tract, although many other organ systems can potentially
be affected; rod-shaped and non-motile bacteria
 6…………………………………………………………. Animals farmed for meat are the main source
of the disease; mainly poultry including chickens, turkeys, and waterfowl; having
asymptomatic infections in their intestinal tracts; spiral-shaped bacteria
 7…………………………………………………………. The most common source of this infection in
humans is pork (raw or undercooked) and pigs are considered the main carrier; other
bacterial strains are also found in many other animals including rodents, rabbits,
sheep, cattle, horses, dogs and cats; rod-shaped bacteria Coxiella burnetii
 8…………………………………………………………. The bacteria are part of the normal flora of
the intestinal tract of humans and warm-blooded animals so many strains are
harmless; however, some cause gastroenteritis or more serious forms of illness; its
presence in food or water is generally an indication of faecal contamination; a Gramnegative rod-shaped bacterium
 …………………………………………………………. Quite stable chemical compounds produced by
moulds can enter the food chain through meat, eggs, milk, dairy products if animals
have eaten contaminated animal feed; have the potential for both acute and chronic
health effects via ingestion, skin contact, and inhalation
Vocabulary
abortion (n)
/əˈbɔː(r)ʃ(ə)n/
přerušení březosti
affect (v)
/əˈfekt/
postihnout, zachvátit
arthritis (n)
/ɑː(r)ˈθraɪtɪs/
artritida
bacterial (adj)
/bækˈtɪəriəl/
bakteriální
bedding (n)
/ˈbedɪŋ/
podestýlka, stelivo
brooder (n)
/bruːd ə(r)/
umělá líheň v drůbežárně
brucellosis (n)
/ˌbruːsɪˈləʊsɪs/
brucelóza
contract (v)
/kənˈtrækt/
onemocnět
cure (v)
/kjʊə(r)/
vyléčit, zahojit
detection (n)
/dɪˈtekʃ(ə)n/
odhalení
diarrhoea (n)
/ˌdaɪəˈriːə/
průjem
discharge (n)
/dɪsˈtʃɑː(r)dʒ/
výtok
dropping (n)
/drɒpɪŋ /
trus
dung (n)
/dʌŋ/
hnůj, trus
eradicate (v)
/ɪˈrædɪkeɪt/
vymýtit, vyhladit
Escherichia coli (n)
/ˌeʃəˈrɪkɪə ˈkoʊlaɪ/
Escherichia coli
flock (n)
/flɒk/
hejno (ptáků), stádo (ovcí)
fungal (adj)
/ˈfʌŋɡ(ə)l/
houbový, plísňový
haemorrhage (n)
/ˈhem(ə)rɪdʒ/
krvácení, krevní výron
hatchability (n)
/hætʃəˈbɪləti /
líhnivost
hatchery (n)
/ˈhætʃəri/
(umělá) líheň
herd (n)
/hɜː(r)d/
stádo (dobytka)
husbandry (n)
/ˈhʌzbəndri/
zemědělství
chills (n)
/tʃɪls/
třesavka
immunocompromised
/injʊnəʊˈˈkɒmprəmaɪzt/
imunokompromitovaný
lesion (n)
/ˈliːʒ(ə)n/
poškození, zranění
listeriosis (n)
/lɪˌstɪərɪˈəʊsɪs/
listerióza
malaise (n)
/məˈleɪz/
malátnost, nevolnost
mycobacteriosis (n)
/maɪkəʊˌbæktɪərɪˈəʊsɪs/
mykobakterióza
mycotoxin (n)
/ˌmaɪkəˈtɒksɪn/
mykotoxin
nausea (n)
/ˈnɔːziə/
žaludeční nevolnost
nest-box (n)
/nest bɒks/
kukaň (pro slepice)
occupational (adj)
/ˌɒkjʊˈpeɪʃ(ə)nəl/
pracovní
oedema (n)
/ɪˈdiːmə/
otok
parasitic (adj)
/ˌpærəˈsɪtɪk/
parazitární
pest (n)
/pest/
(drobný) škůdce
phage (n)
/feɪdʒ/
(bakterio)fág
precaution (n)
/prɪˈkɔːʃ(ə)n/
preventivní opatření
Q fever (n)
/kjuːˈ fiːvə(r)/
Q horečka
rare (adj)
/reə(r)/
vzácný
rear (v)
/rɪə(r)/
chovat, pěstovat
regard (v)
/rɪˈɡɑː(r)d/
týkat se, vztahovat se
reservoir (n)
/ˈrezə(r)ˌvwɑː(r)/
zásobárna, ložisko
rid (v)
/rɪd/
zbavit se, vymýtit
rod-shaped (adj)
/rɒd ʃeɪpt/
tyčinkovitý
route (n)
/ruːt/
cesta, trasa
saliva (n)
/səˈlaɪvə/
slina, sliny
salmonella (n)
/ˌsælməˈnelə/
salmonela, salmonelóza
sneeze (v)
/sniːz/
kýchat
stale (adj)
/steɪl/
zatuchlý, vyčpělý
status (n)
/ˈsteɪtəs/
stav
stool (n)
/stuːl/
stolice, výkaly
strain (n)
/streɪn/
kmen (bakterií); druh
typhoid (adj)
/ˈtaɪfɔɪd/
tyfus
typify (v)
/ˈtɪpɪfaɪ/
být typickým příkladem
viral (adj)
/ˈvaɪrəl/
virový
virulent (adj)
/ˈvɪrʊlənt/
prudce nakažlivý
waterfowl (n)
/ˈwɔːtə(r)ˌfaʊl/
vodní ptactvo
wholesome (adj)
/ˈhəʊls(ə)m/
zdravý, prospěšný
yersiniosis (n)
/jɜː(r)siːnɪˈəʊsɪs/
yersinióza