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Chapter 1: Parts of a Sentence Complete Subjects and Predicates All sentences have 2 parts: 1. Subject 2. Predicate Complete Subjects The complete subject tells whom or what the sentence is about. Some architects bring nature indoors. The small puppy whined for its mother. That antique Corvette is very fast. Complete Predicates The complete predicate tells the action or condition of the subject. Some architects bring nature indoors. The small puppy whined for its mother. That antique Corvette is very fast. Practice Draw a line between the complete subject and complete predicate: 1. My friend Max wrote the letter. 2. The storm clouds are getting darker. 3. His broken leg healed in three months. 4. The people ran from the burning building. 5. Sara helped me with my math homework. Simple Subjects The simple subject is the main word(s) in the complete subject. Some architects bring nature indoors. The small puppy whined for its mother. That antique Corvette is very fast. Simple Subjects Adjectives are NOT part of the simple subject. The birthday cake was delicious! When a proper noun is the subject, the whole name is the simple subject. Robert Peary explored the North Pole. Simple Predicates (Verbs) The simple predicate – or verb – is the main word(s) in the complete predicate. Some architects bring nature indoors. The small puppy whined for its mother. That antique Corvette is very fast. Simple Predicates (Verbs) There are two types of verbs: Action verb - tells what the subject DOES. Linking verb - tells what the subject IS. Pioneers made bricks from dirt and grass. (action) Swimming pools are refreshing in hot weather. (linking) Simple Predicates (Verbs) Common Linking Verbs am, is, are, was, were, be, been, being, appear, become, feel, look, sound, smell, taste, seem, remain, grow Practice Underline the simple subject and circle the simple predicate (verb): 1. My friend Max wrote the letter. 2. The storm clouds are getting darker. 3. His broken leg healed in three months. 4. The people ran from the burning building. 5. Sara helped me with my math homework. Sentence Fragments A sentence fragment is missing a subject, a predicate, or both. A sentence fragment may have a subject and predicate but does not express a complete thought. A high quality car. (missing a predicate) Went to the store. (missing a subject) Until 2:30 in the morning! (missing a subject and predicate) Once they get here. (doesn’t express a complete thought) Practice Identify each group of words below as a complete sentence or sentence fragment. If a sentence fragment, explain why. 1. Annie and her best friend Julia. 2. While Thomas was making dinner. 3. Didn’t have a care in the world. 4. Five slices of pizza. 5. It was fun. 6. Even though I am very tired. Run-On Sentences A run-on sentence is two or more sentences written like they were one sentence There are two types of run-on sentences: Fused – two or more sentences joined together without punctuation. Example: The sun is high put on some sunblock. Comma splice – two or more sentences joined together with only a comma. Example: The sun is high, put on some sunblock. Run-On Sentences There are three ways to fix run-on sentences: 1. Put a period between the sentences. 2. Put a semicolon between the sentences. 3. Put a comma and a coordinating conjunction (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so … FANBOYS) between the sentences. The sun is high. Put on some sunblock. The sun is high; put on some sunblock. The sun is high, so put on some sunblock. Verb Phrases In a sentence, the verb can be more than one word. These words are called a verb phrase. A verb phrase is made up of a main verb (action or linking) and one or more helping verbs. Steve has finished the book. has = helping verb finished = main verb Verb Phrases A main verb can stand by itself in a sentence. I go to the store with my friend Maggie. go = main verb A helping verb helps main verbs show time. I will go to the store with my friend Maggie. will = helping verb go = main verb Verb Phrases Common Helping Verbs is, am, are, was, were, be, been, do, does, did, has, have, had , may, might, can, should, could, would, shall, will Practice Underline the helping verb(s) and circle the main verb: 1. The monster costume had frightened some of the children. 2. The leaves have been changing very slowly this year. 3. We did see the new penguin exhibit at the zoo. 4. Who will be bringing the paper plates? 5. Are you walking home from school today? Compound Subjects A compound subject is made up of two or more subjects that share the same verb. The subjects are joined by a conjunction such as and, or, or but. Cookies and cake are my favorite desserts! The thunder and lightening scared my dog. Ice or snow can make driving dangerous. Compound Verbs A compound verb is made up of two or more verbs that share the same subject. The verbs are joined by a conjunction such as and, or, or but. Powerful winds lift and carry heavy objects. The children slipped and slid on the ice. My friend laughed and smiled at the joke. Practice Identify the compound subject OR compound verb: 1. I climbed the tree and looked in the bird's nest. 2. The principal and the dean of students are retiring. 3. Everyone was playing or swimming in the pool. 4. One of my friends and his dad have flown to Brazil. 5. The girl sat there but said nothing. Direct Objects A direct object comes after an action verb and tells who/what receives the action. Movie producers often borrow real homes. (borrow what? homes) The right house can charm viewers. (can charm whom? viewers) Practice Identify the direct objects in the following sentences: 1. The boy bought a new kite. 2. Janet loves country music. 3. My sister feeds the cat every morning. 4. She called the doctor to give a report. Indirect Objects An indirect object tells for who/what the action is done. It usually comes between a verb and direct object. I lent Christie my social studies book. (lent book to whom? Christie) My brother offered us free movie passes. (offered passes to whom? us) Practice Identify the indirect objects in the following sentences: 1. He gave me excellent directions to the stadium. 2. I told my class that stupid joke. 3. Norman handed the bellboy a tip. 4. I wish you great success. Predicate Nouns A predicate noun comes after a linking verb and defines/renames the subject. Monarch butterflies are insects. (defines) butterflies = insects Soccer is a sport for all ages. (renames) Soccer = sport Practice Identify the predicate nouns: 1. Math and science are my best subjects. 2. The specialty of the restaurant is cheese fondue. 3. My sister became a lawyer after years of study. 4. Helen has been my best friend since kindergarten. Predicate Adjectives A predicate adjective follows a linking verb and describes the quality of the subject. Monarchs look beautiful. (describes) Monarchs = beautiful To my friends, that movie seemed funny. (describes) movie = funny Practice Identify the predicate adjectives: 1. Paul was disappointed with his strikeout. 2. The crowd grew restless because of the long delay. 3. Before the concert, the singer appeared very nervous. 4. Audrey sounded cheerful on the phone. Kinds of Sentences 1. Declarative – Makes a statement; always ends with a period. 2. Interrogative – Asks a question; always ends with a question mark 3. Imperative – Tells or asks someone to do something. Usually ends in a period, but may end with an exclamation point. 4. Exclamatory – Shows strong feelings; always ends with an exclamation point. Practice Identify each sentence below as exclamatory, interrogative, imperative, or declarative. 1. Are you having a bad day? 2. Don’t be late for the basketball game. 3. I have seen that movie twice. 4. You can’t be serious! 5. Be careful! Subjects in Questions In a question, the subject usually comes after the verb or between parts of the verb phrase. Does the weather look good? Is your mom picking us up? To find the subject, turn the question into a statement. The weather does look good. Your mom is picking us up. Subjects in Commands In a command (imperative sentence), the subject is you, but it usually doesn't’t appear in the sentence. Meet us at the concession stand. (You) Meet us at the concession stand. Bring money for snacks! (You) Bring money for snacks! Subjects in Inverted Sentences In an inverted sentence, the subject comes after the verb. Writers use inverted sentences to improve their sentence fluency. Normal: The first batter walked up to the plate. Inverted: Up to the plate walked the batter. Normal: The fans cheered loud and long. Inverted: Loud and long cheered the fans. Practice Identify the subject in each sentence below: 1. From the playpen came the cries of my little nephew. 2. Does he look like my brother? 3. Up the ladder climbed the little boy. 4. Go to the store to pick up milk. 5. What are you doing on New Years Eve?