Download Chapter 1 (Sections 1-3) Study Guide: Cell Structure and Function

Chapter 2 (Sections 1-3) Study Guide: From a Cell to an Organism
Pages 88 - 107
Vocabulary: You may re-write vocabulary definitions here, prepare flashcards or printout eflashcards and attach to your study guide.
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cell cycle life cycle of a cell that includes phases of growth and development and reproduction
interphase the phase of a cell cycle in which a cell is preparing to reproduce
centromere a region near the middle of each chromatid that holds together the sister chromatids
mitosis a process in which the nucleus of the cell divides
cytokinesis the final stage of cell division when the cytoplasm of the cell divides
prophase the first phase of mitosis in which the DNA that makes up a replicated chromosome
twists into tight coils
metaphase the second stage of mitosis, in which the replicated chromosomes move to the middle
of the cell and the pairs of sister chromatids line up end to end across the center of the cell
anaphase the third stage of mitosis, in which the sister chromatids of each replicated
chromosome begin to separate
telophase the final phase of mitosis, in which a new membrane forms around each set of
chromosomes, creating two identical nuclei
daughter cell two cells that form when the cytoplasm and its components divide
cell plate a disk formed between the two new nuclei of a plant cell that is dividing
homologous chromosome a pair of similar chromosomes
sister chromatid copy of a chromosome made during S-phase of cell cycle
cell differentiation a process in which cells become different types of cells
stem cell cells that are able to produce different types of cells
tissue similar cells that work together and perform a function
organ groups of tissues that work together and perform one or more functions
organ system organs that work together and perform one or more functions
DNA deoxyribonucleic acid; genetic material located in the nucleus of a cell
gene a section of DNA that has information about a specific trait of an organism
RNA ribonucleic acid; a nucleic acid that plays an important role in the production of proteins
mutation any permanent change in the DNA sequence of a gene or chromosome of a cell
Main Ideas: Answer each question in complete sentences.
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What are the phases of the Cell Cycle and briefly explain what occurs during each phase (start
with interphase and end with cytokinesis)?
Interphase: the cell grows and carries out its usual functions, DNA replicates
Prophase: DNA of replicated chromosomes twists into coils; membrane around nucleus breaks
apart
Metaphase: Replicated chromosomes move to and line up along center of cell
Anaphase: Sister chromatids begin to separate and move to opposite ends of the cell
Telophase: New membranes form around each set of chromosomes, forming two identical nuclei
Cytokinesis: cytoplasm divides
List four reasons why mitosis and cell division are important?
Growth of many-celled organisms
Replacing old cells
Reproduction in some organisms
Replacing damaged or lost cells
How is plant cell cytokines different from animal cell cytokinesis?
In animal cells, the cell membrane pinches inward to divide the cytoplasm. In plant cells, a cell
plate forms between the two new nuclei.
What are the levels of organization from cells to organ systems? Give an example of each.
Cells: muscle cell
Tissues: muscle tissue
Organs: heart
Organ system: muscular system
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What are the functions of the following human organ systems and list organs within them?
 Integumentary: skin; protection and homeostasis
 Skeletal bones, cartilage, ligaments, joints; protection and support; mineral storage
 Muscular muscles; movement
 Nervous brain, spinal cord, nerves; response and regulation
 Endocrine glands such as pituitary and thyroid; produces hormones that control body
functions
 Cardiovascular heart, blood vessels; transports blood carrying oxygen, nutrients, and
wastes
 Lymphatic lymph nodes, tonsils, spleen, lymphatic vessels; returns fluid to blood and
filters blood
 Respiratory bronchi, lungs; delivers oxygen and removes carbon dioxide
 Digestive stomach, small and large intestines; breaks down food and delivers nutrients
and water to blood
 Urinary kidneys, bladder; removes wastes from blood
 Reproductive male and female reproductive organs; produces offspring
What does DNA stand for and where is it located? Deoxyribonucleic acid, in the nucleus
What is the structure of DNA? Be sure to discuss its shape, backbone (sides), and base pairs
(rungs). Double helix (twisted ladder), sugar (deoxyribose)-phosphate backbone, A-T, C-G base
pairs attach to sugar
How are genes, chromosomes and DNA related? Each chromosome is composed of a long strand
of DNA, a section of DNA on a chromosome is a gene
How many chromosomes do humans have?46 chromosomes or 23 pairs
Diagram1: Label the cell cycle with the correct phase name.
Interphase
Prophase
Cytokinesis
Metaphase
Telophase
Anaphase
Diagram2: Label the structure of DNA.
Sugar (deoxyribose)
Guanine
Nitrogen bases
Adenine
Phosphate
Cytosine
Thymine
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Standards Assessment Chapter 2
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Vocabulary eFlashcards Chapter 2
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Interactive Tutor Chapter 2
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