Download Blood - Wando High School

BLOOD
Function/Make up
 Blood transports substances and maintains
homeostasis in the body. ~5L per body
 Blood is a type of connective tissue
 It has two basic components:
 Cells (RBC, WBC, platelets) 45%
 Plasma (water, proteins, amino acids, etc.) 55%
Types of blood cells
RED BLOOD CELLS
WHITE BLOOD CELLS
ERYTHROCYTES
LEUKOCYTES
BICONCAVE SHAPE
DIFFERENT KINDS
PLATELETS
THROMBOCYTES
LIVES 120 DAYS
NO NUCLEI
ONE OR MORE NUCLEI
MADE IN BONE
MARROW
(HEMATOPOEISIS)
TRANSPORT OXYGEN
AND CARBON DIOXIDE
DEFENDS THE BODY
AGAINST
MICROORGANISMS
HELPS INITIATE
FORMATION OF BLOOD
CLOTS
Plasma fluid of blood
 Transporter of nutrients, glucose, amino
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acids, triglycerides, vitamins, minerals, etc.
Water: amount changes based on hydration
levels
Hormones: chemical messengers
Waste: CO2, urea, biliruben (dead RBC), and
amonia (cellular trash)
Clotting factors
Albumin 8% of plasma is this protein
ERYTHROCYTE
 MOST NUMEROUS FORMED ELEMENT OF
BLOOD
 ORIGINATE FROM RED BONE MARROW
 SMALL: 7.5 MICRONS
 MALE: 5.1-5.8 MILLION RBC PER CUBIC MM
 FEMALE: 4.0-5.2 MILLION RBC PER CUBIC MM
RBC CARRIES HEMOGLOBIN
1 RBC = 250,000 HEMOGLOBIN
1 HEMOGLOBIN = 4 O2
IRON IS CRITICAL
Oxyhemoglobin - plenty of oxygen, bright red
Deoxyhemoglobin - not carrying much O2, dull red
ERYTHROBLAST
HEMOCYTOBLAST
(STEM CELL)
RITICULOCYTE
*IMMATURE RBC
RED BLOOD CELL
*PRODUCES
HEMOGLOBIN
NORMOBLAST
*NUCLEUS IS
EJECTED
WBC: LEUCOCYTES
5 DIFFERENT WBCs
 1. GRANULOCYTES: HAVE VISIBLE GRAINS
 THE “PHILS”
 NEUTROPHIL: MOST NUMEROUS = 75%
 Foot soldiers
 Found in lymphatic organs when not needed
 Quick responders
 Life span is a few days; 6-10 hours when working
 Spray hydrogen peroxide
 Tri-lobe nucleus
More granulocytes
 Basophil:
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moves into and out of blood via capillaries
Produce histamine or heprin
Big player in allergies
Bi or tri-lobed nuclei
 Eosinophil:
 Parasitic worm killer
 Start or set off allergic reactions
 Live about 8-12 days
Agranulocyte: do not have
visible grains when stained.
 Lymphocyte: second most numerous WBC
 Smartest WBC- coordinates your immune response
 Very large nucleus
 Hang out in bone marrow and mature the lymphatic
tissue
 T cells, B cells, NK cells (T cells pass through the
thymus and is coated with the protein thymosin)
 Monocyte :
 Janitor and cleans up after an evasion
 Big eater: phagocytosis
 “U” shaped nucleus
Platelets
 Key cells that play a role in clotting.
 Eaten by monocytes to keep numbers down
 Thrombocytes originate from large cells called
megakaryocytes
 Most thrombocytes live for about 10 days before
being eaten.
 Thrombocytes live in the spleen until needed.
 Bleeding is a positive feedback loop to bring
enough platelets to the area.
Hemostasis: stop blood loss!
 Steps:
 1. platelet plug: platelet plugs the hole and stops
blood loss temporarily.
 Coagulation: use of clotting factor chemicals to
strengthen the clot so healing can occur.
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Thromboplastin and calcium create Factor X.
This triggers prothrombin activator
This activates prothrombin
Which is converted to thrombin
Which triggers fibrinogen
And converts into fibrin
Which crosses over the break making an
impermeable seal
 About 3-6 minutes
Blood characteristics
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Sticky and opaque
Viscous: 5x more than water
Salty
pH= 7.35-7.45
http://www.apologia.com/bookextras/01/ph.pdf
Temperature: ~ 100F or 38 C
8% body weight
Males: 5-6 L
Females: 4-5 L
Metallic smell
Bellwork
 What does dominant mean? Recessive?
 What is your blood type?
Do you remember…
 Gene expression:
 Dominant vs. recessive
 Widow’s peak
 Earlobe attachment
 Incomplete dominance
 Four O’clocks : white + red = pink
 Codominant
 Checkerboard chicken
 Polygenic
 Skin color
Blood Types
 ABO Blood Types and Rh factor
 ABO Blood types: codominant and
dominant/recessive rules
 Rh factor: dominant/recessive rules
 Antigens : surface proteins that identify body
cells
 Antibodies: proteins made by WBCs to fight
foreign antigens.
 Type A: A surface antigens and B antibodies
 Type B: B surface antigens the A antibodies
 Type AB: A and B surface antigens, no antibodies
 Type O: No surface antigens, A and B antibodies
 By age 6 months, all antibodies are made.
RECIPIENT
DONOR
Type A
Type B
Type AB
Type O
Type A
YES
NO
YES
NO
Type B
NO
YES
YES
NO
Type AB
NO
NO
YES
NO
Type O
YES
YES
YES
YES
TYPE AB IS THE UNIVERSAL RECIPIENT.
TYPE O IS THE UNIVERSAL DONOR.
Rh factor blood
 Rh surface antigen = + blood
 No surface antigen = - blood
 No antibodies for Rh formed until exposed
 *Agglutination: massive clumping of the
blood throughout the body, due to
transfusion of wrong blood.
 A type: I a Ia
 B type: Ib Ib
 AB type: Ia Ib
 O type: ii
Ia i
Ib I
BELLWORK
 Owning a ______ can reduce the risk of heart
attacks and strokes by more than a third,
researchers found.
 Your heart beats __________times a day.
 The _____________ has the largest heart,
weighing over 1,500 pounds.
Cardiovascular System
Functions of the
Cardiovascular System
 1. to transport oxygen and nutrients to every
living cells
 2. to get rid of waste
 TYPES:
 Open system: fluid is not always in vessels so
circulatory and intestinal fluids mix, hemolymph
 Closed system: blood in contained in vessels
always
Components
 1. muscular chambered heart
 2. vessels
 A. arteries carry blood away from the heart with
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thick walls because of pressure
B. arterioles affect blood pressure and constriction
is regulated by nervous system
C. capillaries are where gas exchange takes place,
RBCs cannot pass through because they are too
big
D. venules are small and thinner than arteries;
deliver blood back to the heart.
E. veins contain valves to help the backflow of
blood since pressure is lost at the level of the
capillaries.
Circulatory Pathways
 1. systemic: left side of the heart- to the body
 2. pulmonary: right side of the heart- to the
lungs
Heart Structure: Layers
 1. endocardium: thin layer lines the interior
of the heart and make up valves
 2. myocardium: muscle layer that allows for
electrical impulses and all muscles are
interwoven so they beat as one.
 3. epicardium: thin outer layer combined with
serous outer sac called pericardium
Heart Structure: Chambers
 1. right atrium: receives blood from body low
in oxygen
 2. right ventricle: pumps blood to
lungs/pulmonary circuit
 3. left atrium: receives blood from lungs high
in oxygen
 4. left ventricle: pumps blood to
body/systemic circuit
Heart Structure: Valves
 Right atrioventricular valve: tricuspid-
between right atrium and ventricle
 Left atrioventricular valve: bicuspid (mitral)between left atrium and ventricle
 Right semilunar valve: pulmonic valvebetween right ventricle and pulmonary
arteries
 Left semilunar valve: aortic valve: between
left ventricle and aorta
heartbeats
 Lub: AV valves closing
 Tri and bicuspid valves
 Dub: semilunar valves closing
 Pulmonary and aortic valves
Heartbeats continued
 Pulse is caused by expansion and recoil of
aorta when ventricle contracts.
 Active phase : systolic
 Rest phase: diastolic
Conduction System of the
Heart
 Nodes
 1. SA node (sinoatrial) at upper dorsal wall of right
atrium sends impulse every .85 seconds
 2. AV node (atrioventricular) at base of right
atrium
Conduction cont.
 Fibers
 Atrioventricular bundle or Bundle of His at top of
interventricular septum
 Right and left bundle branches move down
septum
 Purkinje fibers network
More conduction….
 Control
 Autonomic nervous system controls beat
 Sympathetic nervous system controls heart
rate
 Parasympathetic nervous system controls
decreased heart beat