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The Persian Wars • Ionian Greeks in Asia Minor rebelled against Persians, Athens sent ships to help them in 499 B.C. • Rebel cities are crushed; King Darius wants to punish Athens Outbreak of War • King Darius sent messengers to Greek city-states, demanding gifts • Spartans and Athenians refuse, throw messengers down a well and a pit Run Pheidippides Run… • King Darius was furious and sent ships to attack the city of Marathon, which was just north of Athens • Greeks outnumbered 2 to 1, but won anyway • Pheidippides ran 26.2 miles to Athens to tell Athens, died upon arriving Turning Point in European History • Darius’s son Xerxes sent an even bigger army to conquer Greece • Greece wins war because of three critical battles Athenians at Marathon Spartans at Thermopylae Naval Battle at Salamis The Spartans at Thermopylae • Sparta fought until every last man was dead • Persians marched to Athens and burned it, but had lost far more men Postwar Athens • Athens becomes most powerful city-state • It organized the Delian League, an alliance of city-states • Used its influence to create an Athenian Empire The Age of Pericles • Pericles hired the best architects, had the Acropolis rebuilt • He turned Athens into the cultural center of Greece • By 750 B.C., the polisearly Greek city-state, consisting of a city or town and its surrounding territory, became the central focus of Greek life. Greek vs. Greek • To counter Athens, Sparta forms the Peloponnesian League • A 27 year war, the Peloponnesian War- the war between Athens and Sparta, breaks out • With the help of Persia, Sparta defeats Athens Consequences • War ends Athenian greatness • During the Age of Pericles, the Athenians became deeply attached to their political system of direct democracy • Democracy suffers • Both city states were extremely weakened • In ancient Greece, at the earliest stage, physics, mathematics, and astronomy were included as parts of “philosophy”, which means “the love of wisdom”. • Socrates • Born in Athens (469 - 399 B.C.) • Ugly, yet mind was creative, clear, critical, and eager • Socrates was first interested in natural science, including “whether the earth is flat or not’, but he was not satisfied with the result of his research; so he abandoned the study of natural science and turned to the study of human life. “What did Socrates really know?” • Socrates did not claim to know anything • Socrates did not think he knew a lot. • But, the Delphi’s Oracle, “no one is wiser than Socrates”! • Socrates used a teaching method that is still known by his name. The Socratic method uses a questions-and-answer format. Socrates believed that all knowledge is already present within each person • In 399 B.C., 3 Athenian citizens accused Socrates of (1) “heresy” (or “impiety”); (2) did not believe or observe the gods of the polis; and (3) “corrupted the minds of the youth”! • His ‘mission,’ which he explains in the Apology, was to expose the ignorance of those who thought themselves wise and to try to convince his fellow-citizens that every man is responsible for his own moral attitudes. … • Plato- considered by many to be the greatest philosopher of western civilization. (427-347 B.C.) • born in Athens, • of noble birth, yet his youth witnessed the decline and fall of Athens (in 404 B.C., Sparta defeated Athens in the Peloponnesian War; in 399 B.C., the trial and execution of Socrates, his beloved mentor/master, via “democratic” ways, [thus, Plato preferred Spartan timarchy to Athenian democracy (which was with ‘selfish individualism, civic irresponsibility, diversity, disintegration, dislike of authority, no respect for the authority, class war and lack of cohesion, that is, all negative). • After the execution of Socrates in 399 B.C., with final disillusionment, Plato left Athens and traveled, including to Syracuse in southern Italy. • In 386 B.C., Plato returned to Athens and founded the Academy where he taught for the rest of his life (d. 347 B.C.). • Plato used the dialogue form of writing as the most effective means of presenting his philosophical ideas. • It was not Plato’s intention to answer specific question or to propose final and dogmatic solutions to any of the problem that were being discussed. • Plato’s Republic: • With theories of government; • It represents what Plato regarded as the ideal toward which actual states should strive [it is a little bit too idealistic; in a later and considerably longer dialogue titled, The Laws, Plato proposed a less idealistic but more practical alternative for the organization of state government]. • • • • Timarchy (Sparta) Oligarchy Democracy (Athens) Tyranny • To Plato, “democracy was controlled by the ignorant majority; and there was no order/discipline. Yet, there were political/class/power struggles, disorder, and wars.” • Aristotle (c. 384-322 B.C.) • Born in Stagir, Macedonia, son of a physician, studied under Plato in his Academy, teacher of Alexander the Great • Works: (1) scientific: Physics, The Generations of Animals, … ; (2) philosophical/political: Ethics, Politics, Metaphysics. • Aristotle was praised for his contributions in natural science, such as biology, zoology, … by his approach of classification and observation in experiments (contrary to Plato, his teacher) • On ethics, Aristotle believed in “the golden means” (between the extremes) [cf. Confucian chung yung] • Aristotle’s master and his pupil [Plato and Alexander the Great, respectively’ were the two greatest men of his time, with the possible exception of Aristotle himself. The association between Aristotle and Alexander has naturally excited the imagination of later ages: the future master of the known world … makes a romantic picture. The probable truth is that neither had any marked effect on the other. … [Aristotle’s main approaches and interests were opposite to Plato’s] … • Alexander’s achievement was to transform the world on lines of which his tutor had no inkling, and there is little evidence that he shared Aristotle’s academic aspirations. He is reported to have financial support to Aristotle researches in biology and to have instructed his subjects to help Aristotle with his search for objects of scientific interest.” (The Philosophy of Aristotle, pp. 11-17). Alexander the Great 356-323 B.C.E. Philip Builds Macedonian Power • Macedonia – Macedonia—Kingdom of mountain villages north of Greece – King Philip II—ruler, brilliant general; dreams of controlling Greece – Macedonians call themselves Greek; rest of Greece does not • Philip’s Army – Philip creates well-trained professional army; plans to invade Greece Philip Builds Macedonian Power • Conquest of Greece – It was easy because “more than one Greek city felt ambivalent about fighting back.” (Bauer, p. 579) – Some Greek cities invited Philip to invade – Athens asked Sparta for help against invasion, but Sparta declined – At the Battle of Chaeronea one thousand Athenians were killed. – 338 B.C. Macedonians defeat Greece Philip Builds Macedonian Power (cont.) • After the Battle of Chaeronea, Philip changes his strategy and treats Athens with great respect, releasing Athenian prisoners of war. • As a result the Athenians then “chose to pretend that Philip was now a friend of Athens.” (Bauer, p. 580) • Philip makes a speech at Corinth suggesting Greek submission to his kingship would be good for Greece. • The Corinthian League is formed, led by King Philip, with the intent of attacking the Persians. Murder of Philip • Philip married again, for a fifth time, a Macedonian woman. • His son Alexander was legitimate, but half Greek. • This marriage gave Attalus, one of Philip’s generals, occasion to call into question the legitimacy of a half-Greek prince inheriting the Macedonian throne. Murder of Philip (cont.) • Greek historian Diodorus tells us that Philip was killed by his ex-lover Pausonius (who was one of his guards) because Philip rejected him. • Some suspect, however, that Alexander was behind the murder. • The 2004 film Alexander directed by Oliver Stone puts the lays the blame at the feet of Olympias, Alexander’s mother so that her own son would become king and there would be no full-blood Macedonian heir. The film depicts Alexander was an innocent bystander. • This occurs in 336 B.C. • His son is named king of Macedonia and becomes Alexander the Great Alexander Defeats Persia • Alexander’s Early Life – Tutored by Aristotle – Inspired by the Iliad – Military training – Becomes king when 20 years old – Destroys Thebes to curb rebellion Alexander Defeats Persia • Invasion of Persia – 334 B.C. Alexander invades Persia with a quick victory at Granicus River. – Darius III, King of Persia, assembles an army of 50,000-75,000 men. – Alexander defeats Persians again, forces King of Persia to flee. Alexander Defeats Persia • Conquering the Persian Empire – Alexander marches into Egypt and is crowned Pharaoh in 332 B.C. – At Gaugamela in Mesopotamia, Alexander defeats the Persians again. – Alexander captures cities of Babylon, Susa, and Persepolis – Persepolis, the Persian capitol is burned to the ground. – Ashes of Persepolis signal total destruction of the Persian Empire Alexander’s Other Conquests • Alexander in India – Alexander fights his way across the deserts of Central Asia to India – Alexander conquers Indus Valley area in 326 B.C. – Reluctantly returns to Babylon and dies in 323 B.C. Alexander the Great’s Empire Building Greek Cities in the East Pergamum: A New “Hellenistic” City Cosmopolitan Culture Trade in the Hellenistic World Hellenistic Culture in Alexandria • Cultural Blending – Result of Alexander’s Policies—a new vibrant culture – Hellenistic culture —Greek blended with Egyptian, Persian, Indian culture • Trade and Cultural Diversity – Alexandria—Egyptian city become the center of Hellenistic civilization Library at Alexandria (333 B.C.E.) Hellenistic Culture in Alexandria (cont.) • Alexandria’s Attractions – Lighthouse, called the Pharos, stands over 350 feet tall – Museum contains art galleries, a zoo, botanical gardens, dining hall – Library holds masterpieces of ancient literature; supports scholars Science and Technology • Alexandria’s Scholars – Scholars preserve Greek and Egyptian learning in the sciences • Astronomy – Astronomer Aristarchus proves sun is larger than Earth – Proposes planets revolve around sun; not accepted for 14 centuries – Eratosthenes uses geometry to calculate Earth’s circumference Science and Technology • Mathematics and Physics – Euclid—mathematician; his work Elements is the basis for courses in geometry. – Archimedes—scientist and mathematician • He accurately estimated the value of pi (p). • He explained the law of the lever. • He invented the Archimedes screw—a pump which raised water from one level to another. • He invented the compound pulley for lifting objects. Philosophy and Art • Stoicism and Epicureanism – Zeno founds Stoic school of philosophy which promoted virtuous and simple lives. – Epicurus believes people should focus on what the senses perceive. • Realism in Sculpture – Colossus of Rhodes—Hellenistic bronze sculpture over 100 feet tall. – Sculptors move to non-classical, natural forms; real people. Hellenic & Hellenistic Art The “Known” World – 3c B.C.E. Hellenism: The Arts & Sciences $ Scientists / Mathematicians: Aristarchus heliocentric theory. Euclid geometry. Archimedes pulley. Ptolemy geocentric theory. Ptolemaic View of the Universe The Breakup of Alexander’s Empire Alexander’s Legacy • Alexander melds Greek and Persian cultures. • He takes a Persian wife. • Empire becomes three kingdoms – Macedonia, Greek city-states – Egypt – Old Persia, also known as the Seleucid kingdom The Incursion of Rome into the Hellenistic World