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Myths MYTHOLOGY The study of myths Myth Is a traditional story usually of unknown authorship Not supposed to be silly or superstitiousgives insight into nature of the world Are always in some sense religious Represent deepest wishes and fears of human beings More Myth Helped ancient people understand the mysterious & sometimes frightening forces of the universe Originated around Mediterranean Sea (tribes & traders) 2 B.C.E. Romans conquered Greeks & adopted Greek myths / added new 6 purposes of myths Explain the creation of the world Explain natural phenomena (rain, snow, ect.) Teach a moral lesson Explain history Express, as dreams do, the deepest fears and hopes of the human race Give story form to ancient religious practices Myths about the sky, stars, and constellations People around the world have associated the heavens, the stars, and the patterns they make in the sky with their gods and goddesses Greek Gods & Goddess The Olympians: 12 immortals that lived in Mount Olympus. Ares (Mars): god of war Aphrodite (Venus): goddess of love, beauty, and fertility Apollo: prophesy, music, and healing / brother to Artemis / child of Zeus & Leto More Hermes (Mercury): Messenger of the gods, god of commerce, thieves, travelers, sports, and border crossings Poseidon (Neptune): god of sea, earthquakes, & horses / brother to Zeus & Hades / creator of all water (salt& fresh) Zeus (Jupiter): supreme god / ruler & creator of the sky Hades (Pluto): god of the dead / ruler of the underworld / brother of Zeus & Poseidon Example Narcissus pg. 828 Egyptian Gods & Goddess Amun: King of Gods / Amun-Ra (sun god) Anubis: jackal head / god of embalming & the dead Hapy: brought floods Horus: head of a hawk / ruler of the world of the living More Osiris: god of the dead & ruler of the underworld / god of resurrection & fertility Seth: god of chaos Sobek: crocodile head / god of Nile Thoth: god of writing & knowledge / hieroglyphics Assyrian/Babylonian Anu: king of the gods Sin: moon god Shamash: sun god Zaltu: strife Ashur: god of Assyria & war Irra: plague god Nabu: god of writing & wisdom Ea: god of the waters Namtar(a): the fate-cutter Adad: a storm god Celtic Gods & Goddess ANGUS MAC OG: god of youth, love, and beauty. ARAWN: god of the dead and the underworld DYLAN: God of the Sea DWYVAN: flood myth. Together they built an ark, filled it with animals, and survived the great flood caused by Addanc, a lake God/dragon/fairy Japanese Amatsu Mikaboshi: god of evil Amida: god of death Benten: goddess of love Bimbogami: god of poverty Dosojin: god of roads Ekibiogami: God of plagues & epidemics Wata-tsu-mi: god of the sea Examples of Asian Waters of Gold pg.812 Pumpkin Seed & the Snake pg. 861 Norse / Viking Odin: Father of all the Gods and men Thor: protector of all Midgard / wields A mighty hammer [Thursday] Frigga: Odin's wife / Mother of all & protectoress of children. [Friday] Hel: goddess of the dead & the afterlife Forseti: god of Law & Justice More Viking Nerthus: Goddess of the Sea & Rivers. Heimdall: gold-toothed guardian of Bifrost (rainbow bridge leading to Asgard, the home of the Gods) Rainbow: connection between the body & soul Tyr: god of War & Lawgiver of the gods Example How Odin Lost His Eye pg. 858 Sumerians The Sumerians thought that a great domed roof contained the sky, the stars, the moon, and the sun which lighted the cities beneath it; they also believed that below the earth swirled the dim netherworld, a fearsome abode of demons and the kingdom of the dead. Sumerian An: God of the Heavens Ki: Goddess of the Earth Enlil: God of Air & Storms / supreme ruler Utu: sun god Enki: Lord of Water & Wisdom Inanna: Goddess of Love & War Ereshkigal: Goddess of Darkness, Gloom, & Death Phoenician Anath: goddess of Love & War Baal: Ruler of the Universe Eshmun: God of Healing Melqart: King of the Underworld Mot: God of Death More Shahar: God of Dawn Shalim: God of Dusk Shapash: Sun Goddess Yamm: God of the Sea Yarikh: Moon God