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The benefits of Marine Protected Areas Dr Steve Fletcher Director, Centre for Marine and Coastal Policy Research Plymouth University @MarCoPolPU [email protected] Agenda • • • • • • Why should we be interested in the wider benefits of MPAs? What are the wider benefits of MPAs? How can wider benefits be classified? How can wider benefits be measured? Examples of benefit assessments Implications for Dorset? Why should we be interested in the wider benefits of MPAs? We need holistic assessments of benefits and burdens to make rational decisions about: • • • • Designation and de-designation of MPAs Choice of management measures in an MPA Adaptive management of MPAs Ecosystem based approach to MPAs Burden Impact assessment Benefits Burden Benefits Displacement of current activities Improved fish stocks Restrictions on current activities Habitat protection Burden Benefits Burden But how do we classify and quantify the benefits? Benefits Classification: Ecosystem Services Approach Human well-being Ecosystem services and benefits Ecosystem Food Sea water Raw materials Genetic resources Value Medicinal resources Ornamental resources Social Air purification Safety Climate regulation Health Flood protection Happiness Water flow regulation Economic Waste treatment Identity Coastal erosion prevention Biological control Lifecycle maintenance Gene pool maintenance Recreation and leisure Ecosystem services provide a Aesthetics checklist to ensure all Inspiration benefits are identified Spirituality Cognitive development Heritage and culture Where do ecosystem services come from? Habitat and species • Services arise from specific marine features. • Lacks context and linkages to other features. Places • Services arise from the combination of features. • Acknowledges that services come in bundles. • Social benefits arise from interaction with places. Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (2003). A typology of ecosystem services for marine planning (Bohnke-Henrichs et.al. 2013) Provisioning services • Food • Sea water • Raw materials • Genetic resources • Medicinal resources • Ornamental resources Regulating services • Air purification • Climate regulation • Flood protection • Water flow regulation • Waste treatment • Coastal erosion prevention • Biological control Habitat Services • Lifecycle maintenance • Gene pool maintenance Cultural and amenity services • Recreation and leisure • Aesthetics • Inspiration • Spirituality • Cognitive development • Heritage and culture Methods to asses the benefits of MPAs Type Method Market Valuation Avoidance Cost Travel Cost method Monetary assessment Hedonic Pricing methods Payment for Ecosystem Service Conclusion: different Contingent Valuation Method services need different Choice Modelling assessment methods Citizen Juries Place based Valuation Non-monetary Health Valuation assessment Indicator Approach methods Q-methodology Fletcher, S., Rees, S., Gall, S. Shellock, R., Dodds, W. and Rodwell, L. (2014). Assessing the socio-economic benefits of marine protected areas. A report for Natural Resources Wales by the Centre for Marine and Coastal Policy Research, Plymouth University. How can we quantify the benefits from MPAs using ecosystem services? Feature Type Feature Name Broad-scale Habitats Subtidal mud Intertidal coarse sediment Intertidal mixed sediment Intertidal mud Intertidal sand and muddy sand Low energy intertidal rock Moderate energy intertidal rock Habitats FOCI Intertidal under boulder communities Sabellaria alveolata reefs Seagrass beds Species FOCI Long snouted seahorse (Hippocampus guttulatus) Native oyster (Ostrea edulis) Peacock’s tail seaweed (Padina pavonica) Sea snail (Paludinella littorina) Ecosystem service values associated with proposed MCZs in England (Fletcher et.al. 2012) Ecosystem services provided by Holderness Inshore rMCZ Valued the activities in the red box The financial value of the Marine Ecosystem Services in the Holderness Inshore rMCZ Aesthetic benefits Spiritual and cultural wellbeing Tourism Research and education Sport/recreation: Angling Sport/recreation: Diving Sport/recreation: Charter boat Nature watching Environmental resillience Natural hazard protection Regulation of pollution Fisheries: Hooks and line Fisheries: Nets Fisheries: Bottom trawls Fisheries: Crab and Lobster 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 Value of marine ecosystem service (£m/yr) 1.2 The financial value of the Marine Ecosystem Services in the Holderness Inshore rMCZ Aesthetic benefits ? Spiritual and cultural wellbeing Tourism Research and education Sport/recreation: Angling Sport/recreation: Diving Sport/recreation: Charter boat Nature watching ? Environmental resillience Natural hazard protection Regulation of pollution Fisheries: Hooks and line Fisheries: Nets Fisheries: Bottom trawls Fisheries: Crab and Lobster 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 Value of marine ecosystem service (£m/yr) 1.2 The financial value of the Marine Ecosystem Services in the Holderness Inshore rMCZ Aesthetic benefits Spiritual and cultural wellbeing Tourism Research and education Sport/recreation: Angling Sport/recreation: Diving Sport/recreation: Charter boat Nature watching Environmental resillience Natural hazard protection Regulation of pollution Fisheries: Hooks and line Fisheries: Nets Fisheries: Bottom trawls Fisheries: Crab and Lobster 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 Value of marine ecosystem service (£m/yr) 1.2 Scenario analysis of ecosystem service value change at Holderness (Fletcher et.al., 2012) Future management Scenarios Future Futuremanagement managementScenarios Scenarios Do Recover Maintain Improve Improve Do nothing nothing Recover Maintain Improve Holderness Inshore Fisheries Fisheries –– potting potting Fisheries – bottom trawl Coastal protection Regulation Regulation of of Pollution Pollution Environmental Resilience Environmental Resilience Nature Nature Watching Watching Sport/Recreation (angling) Research & Education Tourism Tourism Aesthetic Aesthetic benefits benefits 0% £0 -10% -£50k -10% -£50k -10% -£5k -10% -£50k -10% -£50k -10% -£50k 0% £0 -10% -£50k -10% ? 0% £0 0% £0 0% £0 0% £0 0% £0 0% £0 0% £0 0% £0 0% £0 0% ? -10% / +5% -10% / +5% -£10k/+£5k Values -£10k/+£5k 0% +10% £0 +£15k 0% 0% £0 £0 0% +10% £0 +£15k 0% +10% £0 +£50k 0% +10% £0 +£15k 0% +10% £0 +£100k 0% +10% £0 +£15k 0% +10% £0 +£25k 0% +10% ? ? Testing ecosystem service assessment to support marine and coastal management in the Western English Channel Identification of coastal management challenge Assessment of services, benefits and values Ecosystem Service Assessments supporting management Initial findings Product • Static financial assessment of benefits = “interesting” • Predicted %age change in benefits = “of limited help” • Predicted absolute financial change of benefits = “better, but still of limited help” Key factor repeatedly cited was SIGNIFICANCE of the benefit (however measured) = ‘importance in context’. Process • In order to be trusted, assessments should be CO-CONSTRUCTED. Significance assessment (illustrative) Scale Limited local significance for Service trawling, high significance for biodiversity conservation Fisheries – potting Fisheries – bottom trawl Coastal protection Regulation of Pollution High significance for local and Environmental Resilience national spiritual community Natureand Watching identity Sport/Recreation Spiritual Aesthetic benefits Value significance High significance Limited significance No significance L Scale significance L Local N National G Global N Other G EF BC CI Other significance EF Ecosystem function BC Biodiversity conservation CI Community identity Scale of assessment Dorset Sea Dorset MPA Network Site Specific Implications for Dorset • MPAs provide multiple benefits at multiple scales and significance. • Understanding the mix of benefits and burdens related to MPAs is critical to good MPA governance and long-term security. • Methods of benefit assessment need to be appropriate to the benefit being measured. • Real community engagement (not just support) is important to deliver trusted outcomes of benefits assessments. • Consider a nested approach to generating benefits – site specific, network, Dorset sea. References: Fletcher, S., Rees, S., Gall, S. Jackson, E., Friedrich, L., and Rodwell, R. (2012) Securing the benefits of the Marine Conservation Zone Network. A report to The Wildlife Trusts by the Centre for Marine and Coastal Policy Research, Plymouth University. Fletcher, S., Rees, S., Gall, S. Shellock, R., Dodds, W. and Rodwell, L. (2014). Assessing the socio-economic benefits of marine protected areas. A report for Natural Resources Wales by the Centre for Marine and Coastal Policy Research, Plymouth University. More information on the Centre for Marine and Coastal Research: Web: Twitter: Email: www.plymouth.ac.uk/research/marcopol @MarCoPolPU [email protected] Further research in marine ecosystem services and marine planning and management: www.valmer.eu