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Types of Bonds ____________- share electrons ____________- transfer electrons What type of bond is in between the oxygen and hydrogen of a water molecule? Covalent Bond Butttt……..oxygen is a little greedy with the electrons. It holds on to them more often then hydrogen; therefore, oxygen has a partial negative charge and the hydrogen have partial positive charges. This is called POLARITY! Polarity _____________: Having a slight positive charge at one end and a slight negative charge on the other This allows water to bond with many other molecules, but not with _____________ molecules (oil) This also allows water to have a flexible characteristic ___________________ Water molecules are attracted to each other like magnets because of the partial charges Water forms multiple bonds with other water molecules This ability to form multiple bonds gives water is several unique characteristics! Cohesion Adhesion Surface Tension (Due to cohesion and adhesion) High specific heat Good solvent Cohesion and Adhesion __________: Attraction between two water molecules Allows water to form drops and freeze into ice __________: Attraction between water and other molecules. Allows water to climb in tree roots and stems, and for insects to walk on water Made Possible by Cohesion Adhesion _____________ Due to cohesion and adhesion Allows some spiders to walk on water _________________ Water heats up and cools slowly Allows living things to maintain a stable temperature Allows aquatic organisms to adapt to seasonal changes EX. Humans don’t boil when it’s 100F out or freeze if it’s -10F Why does California have such seasonal weather (winters around 40 and summers around high 70s) whereas Pennsylvania has constant temperature fluctuations (winters around low 20s and summers around high 80s)? Polar vs. Non-polar molecules Nonpolar molecules do NOT have a charge. Water will bond with other polar molecules Sugar, salt, and proteins will all dissolve in water Fats and non-polar molecules will either not dissolve in water or form a “suspension” where they will not completely dissolve Carbon (___________) compounds Molecules that contain carbon They will typically contain hydrogen and oxygen as well Very stable compounds Carbon Bonding Carbon has 4 electrons in outer level, needs 8 total to be stable Will bond with multiple other elements, including itself Forms long chains that become fats and proteins Can form long, complex chains ` Functional Groups Carbon bonds with Oxygen, Hydrogen, and Nitrogen very easily __________________: combinations of carbon binding with oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and sulfur These determine how compounds combine with other compounds Large Carbon Molecules ________________: small, simple carbon molecules that join together to become large carbon chains-- (_______________) This is known as “Polymerization”– forms fats, proteins and carbs How do we hook monomers together? In order to get monomers to link together to form a polymer, a condensation reaction (or ___________________) has to occur. A water molecule is removed. Also known as a _________________________ How do we break polymers apart? _______________- the addition of a water molecules in order to break chemical bonds Occurs in your mouth as soon as you chew your food Energy Currency Food gets broken down into ATP Chemical energy (sugar) is transferred into another form of chemical energy (ATP) __________: molecule that stores energy for living things Several living organisms use ATP to store and release energy. ATP = adenosine triphosphate Made up of adenine, ribose, and three phosphate groups Adenine Ribose 3 Phosphate groups ADP vs. ATP ADP ATP Energy Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) + Phosphate Partially charged battery Energy Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) Fully charged battery Molecules of Life Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids Nucleic acids 1)__________________ Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms Main source of quick energy for most animals 4 Calories of energy/gram of Carb _____________: single simple sugars such as glucose and fructose _____________: starches Examples are sugars, breads, pasta Carbohydrates Carbs are organic compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio. Carbohydrates tend to be used for immediate energy in animals. Ex: Glucose C6H12O6 2) ______________ Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen AND nitrogen Found naturally in animal muscle and skin 4 Calories of energy/gram They are used for several purposes in the body Enzymes Lactase breaks down sugar lactose Receptors and cell signaling Antibodies target foreign cells Structural proteins Actin is a protein fiber found in cells Hormones (some) Adrenaline Proteins The monomers or “building blocks” of proteins are ____________________ These 20 amino acids form together to make long protein chains Amino acids combine using “_______________”. These are just the name for the covalent bonds between amino acids. Amino Acids Central Carbon Atom, Single hydrogen atom, Carboxyl Group (-COOH), an amino group (-NH2), and an R group (which can be one of 20 different structures) The R group (in purple) are what give proteins their different roles and allow proteins to form several different shapes. Peptides When two amino acids combine they form a “peptide” bond. ___________: many peptide bonds--proteins Proteins (polypeptides) can be damaged or ________________ by heat and extreme pH. Enzymes Act as catalysts in our bodies – speed up chemical reactions Proteins that change other molecules An enzyme will always bond to a ______________: this is the molecule that is being changed. Make reactions easier (lower activation energy) Fit like a “lock and key” Enzyme-substrate model Factors that affect enzymes Temperature pH Concentrations of substrate Antibodies Defensive proteins produced by plasma cells-white blood cells that produce antibodies and secrete them into the blood Y-shaped and bond to __________-invasive cells like viruses and bacteria, pollen, venom, or toxins-tagging them to be attacked by other cells or blocking them from attacking cells in your body Antibodies Important part of immune system Body makes millions of different types of lymphocyte cells-each carrying different shaped protein receptors which recognize different antigens then release antibodies 3) __________ (have the most energy) Large non-polar molecules that do not dissolve in water (nonpolar) Made up of large amounts of hydrogen and carbon and a little oxygen. Large amounts of stored energy in carbonhydrogen bonds 9 Calories/gram of fat Known as “fats” 1. fats 2. oils 3. waxes Structure of lipids Made mostly of long chains known as ____________________. Phospholipid Type of lipid found in cell membranes of animal cells Has a “water loving” end __________________ Has a “water fearing” end ________________ Complex lipids ________________: Fat that is usually a solid at room temperature, Crisco (3 fatty acid tails) ________________: Found in the cell membrane, will not dissolve in water (2 tails) ______: Type of fat found in ears of humans, will not dissolve in water. Triglycerides Three fatty acids (tri) hooked to a glycerol molecule (glyceride) Saturated fats- single bonds between all the carbons; solid at room temperature Unsaturated fats- some double bonds between some of the carbons; liquid at room temp Structure of Triglycerides Phospholipids Steroids Testosterone is a male hormone that is a steroid Cholesterol is a steroid that is needed for nerve cells to function properly Necessary for living organisms DNA: Nucleic Acid Nucleic acids Made of Carbon, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Hydrogen, and Phosphorus Molecules that store information Monomers of DNA and RNA are ________________: 4 different bases Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, and Cytosine _________________ Made of 4 nitrogen bases Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, and Cytosine Base-Pairing Rules says: A hooks to T G hooks to C