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Transcript
NORTHERN RENAISSANCE Spread of the Renaissance ■ By the late 15th century, Italian Renaissance thought and ideals had spread to France, Germany, England, most of Northern Europe. ■ N. Renaissance differed from the Italian Renaissance in some respects – Greater effort than in Italy to reconcile secular and Christian values and attitudes – Infused with a more powerful Christian spirit – Focused more on the ancient texts of Christianity rather than of Romans and Greeks – Studied Latin and Greek, like in Italy, but for editing the Bible and reading writings of Church Fathers – Distinctly religious in character Development of Printing ■ One of the most important events in the Renaissance outside of Italy ■ Johannes Gutenberg of Mainz in the German Rhineland around 1440 ■ Printed edition of the Bible- 1456 ■ By 1480, there were over 380 printing presses in operation ■ Had an immense impact on European civilization, enabling the rapid spread of knowledge and ideas among the educated classes Northern Humanists ■ Humanism in the Northern Renaissance is referred to as Christian humanism because of the humanists’ efforts to unite classical learning with the Christian faith ■ Rejected medieval Christianity’s excessive emphasis on otherworldliness ■ Sought to achieve a balance of otherworldly and secular concerns and regarded classics as guides in that quest ■ Desire to use knowledge of classics to deepen understanding of the Christian faith ■ Begin to criticize Catholic Church The Brethren of the Common Life ■ Contributed to the development of Christian Humanism ■ Devoted themselves to education based on classical learning and to creating a deep spiritual relationship with Christ and a love for human beings Erasmus (1466-1536) ■ One of the most famous of the Christian Humanists ■ Although he was ordained to priesthood, he devoted his life to classical studies ■ Was a master of the Greek Language ■ Made new translations of the Greek and Latin versions of the New Testament to create “purer” editions ■ Devout Catholic who sought to reform the Church, not to destroy it Praise of Folly first printed in 1511 ■ Satire, ridiculed many attitudes of his own time – ignorance, superstition, and greed ■ Satire was sharp when it was directed against churchmen who manifested these qualities ■ Criticized the immorality and hypocrisy of Church leaders and the clergy ■ Best seller- only the Bible sold more by 1550 ■ Written in Latin- so not for mass consumption ■ Book inspired renewed calls for reform and influenced Martin Luther “Erasmus laid the egg that Luther hatched” Erasmian Humanism ■ Based on Erasmus’s belief that the Christian religion offered humanity sound guidelines for its moral conduct and that religion and learning were bound together ■ Even though he was a critic of the abuses of the Roman Catholic Church he was not a Protestant ■ He had faith in the ability for humans to reform their institutions from within Thomas More (1478-1535) ■ England’s greatest humanist ■ Prime example of civic humanist- rose to the highest government position of any humanist – Lord Chancellor to King Henry VIII in England ■ Most famous work– Utopia – Society based on reason and tolerance – Practiced Christianity free of ignorance and superstition – No private property or desire for profit – Contrasted this society with all the evils existing in his own society Thomas More ■ Mixes civic humanism with religious ideals to describe a perfect society located on an imaginary island ■ In order to achieve harmony and order people have to be willing to sacrifice their individual rights for the common good Jacques Lefevre d’Etables (1454-1536) ■ Leading French humanist and good example of how Northern Christian humanists ■ Produced 5 versions of the Psalms that challenged a single authoritative version of the Bible Francesco Ximenes de Cisneros (14361517) ■ Spanish humanist who reformed the Spanish clergy and church so that many of the Church abuses highlighted in Reformation didn’t necessarily apply to Spain ■ Grand Inquisitor of Spanish Inquisition – Shows that not all humanists were necessarily tolerant in views LITERATURE OF THE NORTHERN RENAISSANCE French Writers ■ François Rabelais (1494-1553) – Secular writings portrayed his confidence in human nature and reflected Renaissance ideals – Gargantua and Pantagruel ■ Folk epic and comic masterpiece that satirized French society ■ Attacked clerical education and monastic orders- championed secular learning French Writers ■ Michel de Montaigne (1533-1592) – Developed the essay form ■ A vehicle for testing new ideas – His father was Catholic, while his mother was of Spanish Jewish decent – The mixed religious background of his parents may have led to his skepticism about religious beliefs – Believed that since one could not know anything with absolute certainty, must be tolerant British Literature ■ Elizabethan period ■ Shakespeare (1564-1616) – Greatest of the English Renaissance authors – Reflected ideas of classical Greek and Roman culture, individualism, and humanism – Wrote comedies, tragedies, histories, and sonnets – Taming of the Shrew, Midsummer Night’s Dream, The Merchant of Venice, Romeo and Juliet, Julius Caesar, Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, Macbeth, and Antony and Cleopatra Spanish Literature ■ Miguel de Cervantes (1547-1616) – Don Quixote – major work – Critical of excessive religious idealism and chivalric romance – Satire of medieval chivalry- telling story of nobleman who travels the countryside in search of romantic adventures and his accomplice who has common sense and prudence – Presented characters of all kinds and classes NORTHERN RENAISSANCE ART Italian v. Northern Renaissance Art Italian Northern Specialty: Ideal Beauty Intense Realism Style: Simplified forms, measured proportions Lifelike features, unflattering honesty Subjects: Religious and mythological scenes Religious and domestic scenes Figures: Heroic male nudes Prosperous citizens, peasants Portraits: Formal, reserved Reveal individual personality Technique: Fresco, tempera, and oil paintings Oil paintings on wood panels Emphasis: Underlying anatomical structure Visible appearance Basis of Art: Theory Observation Composition: Static, balanced Complex, Irregular Jan Van Eyck (1390-1441) ■ Most famous and innovative Flemish painter of the 15th century ■ Brother Hubert was also a painter- they were first major painters to use oil successfully – Da Vinci actually learned about oils from them ■ Great attention to minute detail, microscopic detail in vivid color- trained illuminator of manuscripts ■ Master of portrait painting Van Eyck: The Marriage of the Arnolfini (1434) The Adoration of the Lamb, 1432 Bosch (1450-1516) ■ Netherlands ■ Master of symbolism and fantasy ■ His art often times look surrealistic (similar to Dali of the 20th century) ■ Focused on death and torments of Hell ■ Inventive torments as punishments for sinners ■ Monsters ■ He believed that a corrupt mankind, seduced by evil, should suffer calamitous consequences “The Garden of Earthly Delights” Brueghel (1525-69) ■ Flemish ■ Not influenced much by the Italian Renaissance ■ Focused on the lives of ordinary people, especially peasants Breughel: The Battle Between Carnival and Lent (1559) The Battle Between Carnival and Lent (detail) Breughel: Children’s Games (1559) Breughel: The Corn Harvest (1565) The Corn Harvest (detail) Breughel: Hunters in the Snow (1565) Breughel: Peasant Wedding (1568/69) Peasant Wedding (detail) Dürer (1471-1528) ■ Native of Nuremberg- major German Renaissance artist ■ Master of the woodcut ■ “Leonardo of the North” ■ First northerner to master Italian techniques of proportion, perspective, and modeling ■ Painted numerous self-portraits ■ Painted both religious and classical subjects Durer: The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse, woodcut (1498) Durer: Knight, Death, and the Devil engraving, (1513) Grünewald (1475-1530) ■ German Rhineland ■ Primarily religious works ■ Somber and awefilled crucifixion scenes ■ The Isenheim altarpiece is best – known work Holbein the Younger (1497-1543) ■ Premier portrait artist of the era – Painted Erasmus and numerous portraits of Henry VIII ■ Considerable Italian influence ■ His father was an important painter in Gothic tradition of medieval German Art El Greco (1541-1614) ■ Greatest painter of the Spanish Renaissance ■ Studied in Italy with Titan ■ His paintings reflected his intense religious mysticism and characterized by elongated and distorted figures ‘ ■ Dramatic lighting effects Mannerism ■ Reaction against the Renaissance ideals of balance, symmetry, simplicity, and realistic use of color ■ Used unnatural colors with elongated shapes