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Classical Greece – The Hellenic Age Defeat of the Persians in 479 BCE to Death of Alexander in 323 BCE Athens became a super power with defeat of the Persians Delian League became a tool for Athenian hegemony Peloponnesian league forms with Sparta and Thebes leading the way Civil wars, weakening of Greek city states Invasion of the Macedonians in 338 BCE What do we like so much about the Greeks? Style/Beauty Civic planning Freedom/Individualism National Unity Pride/Duty Critical Inquiry The ideals of the Greeks have been called into play whenever nations wish to project National Identity and Strength, Notions of Freedom. Classical ideals are particularly suited for times of Change. 19th c. watercolor of the acropolis. Classical Greek Ideals Simplicity over Complexity Symmetry over Asymmetry Restraint over Excess Reason over emotion Planning or analysis over Intuition Height of Greek Accomplishments 5th century Philosophy – the Socratic Revolution Socrates, Plato, Aristotle Theatre- Greek Tragedy and Comedy Aeschylus, Sophocles, Euripides Yeats's Version 1957 British National Theater Intro to Greek Tragedy(British National Theater) modern tiresias Architecture and public sculpture Building program of Pericles: Parthenon Monumental nudes of Polykleitos and Praxiteles Socratic Revolution • Vague method of arriving at truth • Pysche exist prior to entrapment in physical world • • • • Virtue is knowledge Perceived as threat after defeat in Peloponnesian War Challenged conventions Idealist – arrive at truth (absolute, enduring) by questioning and remembering • metaphysics Plato 428-347 BCE • Student of Socrates • Dualism: body and psyche at war • Allegory of Cave video cartoon lecture • Absolute ideas arrived at through study of math: beauty, truth, love • Opposes relativity of Sophists • Good= God; Evil= Ignorance • God is necessary for Plato’s theory/ God also created stuff- bad! Plato’s Republic – Ideal state run by philosopher King, administrators second tier, workers. – Admired Spartan discipline, hated Athenian variety – No creative literature, only philosophy and math Of the Natural Philosophers, Plato has most in common with Pythagorus Pythagoras and the idealists- the natural world can be explained by numerical equations. Numbers guided and explained the underlying order of things. Modes virtual piano Phyrigian Mode Phrygian 2 3 Dorian 2 3 The Sophists seem to adopt Heraclitus’s idea of relativity Heraclitus- life is constant change, stressed transformation over basic elements – dialectic Aristotle • • • • • • • • Plato’s student Importance of senses Form and substance inseparable Each object has a teleological goal in its development – Embryo to child – Incentive moment to Exodus (drama) Ethics dependent on healthy mind/body Happiness is chief good Poetics – analysis of dramatic and poetic form – Sophocles is best example of Tragedy Politics- looked at governments of various city states – Empirical determination of best government, based on study of data – Best government is constitutional – Lead by Middle Class Early Classical Sculpture • Idealized youth based on Kouros • Moving away from the Egyptian model • Implied movement was the greatest advancement in the arts of the Early Classical period. • Also, artists were more keenly aware of nature. The magical quality of images attested to in the legend of Kleobis (Cleobis) and Biton. As related by Herodotus in his Histories (5th c. BCE), Solon tells the wealthy king Croesis of these two sons who lived a happy life because of their piety. 5th century BCESculptors shift from the purely magical and ritualistic Begin to create sculptures that suggest movement With movement comes their entry into a more human narrative Severe Style Kritios boy, 480 BCE. Beginning of Hellenic Style Move award from grid Naturalistic muscles Contrapasto stance Figure show weight Born by left leg Youthful heroes Kritios Boy and Calf Bearer at dig site 1863 HighClassical (some say Severe) Stopped motion Men/gods in a timeless world Found in shipwreck 1926 Cast Bronze (1/2 of all classical Greek sculptures) Bronze methods Zeus of Artemisium, by Kalamis (?), cast bronze, c. 6.8' h, c. 460450 B.C. Early Classical/Classical (Hellenic)Architecture/sculpture • • • • Temple chief form – Restraint in decoration – Ratios of columns side, front 6:3 – Ratios perfected in Parthenon 17:8 Doric order Ionic order Sculpture moves from rigidly ideal to sensual: Imitate Nature, make men into Gods – Severe style: dignified nobility, contrappasto, associated with funerals – High Classical: stopped action, serene world of gods; stopped time – 4th century – Idealism, beauty for its own sake High Classical style 360 Doryphoros of Polykleitos 440 BCE Symmetry how art made the world more human than human Canon of Polykleitos and the Cosmos Doryphoros of Polykleitos 440 BCE Roman copy in marble of bronze original, found in Pompeii BBC beauty Minneapolis Doryphoros Hermes of Praxilites, 4th century. More sensual, soft face, muscular body, more curves in body. Beauty for its own sake 360 Aphrodite of Knidos, 4th c. Possibly first nude female.Scarab Productions- Aphrodite of Knidos Lecture Feminist interpretations 360 The Burney Relief (also known as the Queen of the Night relief) Old Babylonian 1800 and 1750 BCE, Southern Iraq Unknown goddess: Ishtar, Inanna, Ereshkigal? The white vase style became the favorite of late 5th c. As the move from black figure style to red figure style allowed for greater freedom in the development of naturalistic figures, the white vase style took this even further. Craftsmen could paint freely on the white ground. (refer back to slides 41-44 for development of vase painting from Archaic to Classical Black and Red figure styles.) . Pericles Statesman, orator and general supported arts building program Initiated Peloponnesian Wars Controversies and tragedy characterize his period of leadership: Plague came to city after start of Peloponnesian wars; his mistress was accused of corrupting young girls; Phidias (in charge of building program and Anaxagoras (sophist philosopher) exiled; two sons died in plague; Pericles put on trial. Parthenon, Acropolis, Athens 5th century BCE, Ictinus and Callicrates Doric style History Channel 2 Temples were the most significant buildings in Greece. They were built to house cult statues. They served in civic rituals for the cult figures and as a means of cultural unification. The cult figure would be housed in the cella. Cutaway of Parthenon, showing the continuous frieze above the interior colonnade Every 4 years, Panathenic procession to altar (elsewhere on Acropolis) Citizens of Athens at finest converge at eastern frieze Cavalry and charioteers more literal narrative, variety of citizens, variety of moods, demeanors, culminating in gods Presentation of the peplos (robe) for the goddess Athena. Frieze relief sculpture, Parthenon. High relief combined with low relief of the horses, creates illusion of rows of horses. Panathenic procession, Parthenon frieze. Relief sculpture on stairway at Persepolis 5th-6th c. B.C.E. below: South frieze slab XL, Cattle led for sacrifice, Phidias overseer, marble, c. 40" h, c. 447432 B.C. (British Museum, London): Pedestrians, not as spirited In classical Greek sculpture, the gods are represented as people. unified vision, Athena in center, cascade of figures on ea. side, great variety, reacting to central figures, pitched emotion, reclining in corner, climactic center, more animated,smarthistory Dianna and Aphrodite, East Pediment, Parthenon, Phidias Metopes and Triglyphs artificial vestige of original wooden structure and supports ea. face of temple had metopes of some form of battle Sack of Troy Lapiths vs. Centaurs battle of gods and giants battle with Amazon usually 2 figures Variety subsumed in whole more abstract theme than frieze abstract battle for the good episodic, non narrative Lapith vs. centaur, south face of Parthenon metope relief Descendents of twin sons of Apollo, Lapiths were preHellenic tribal people who came to the aid of the Greeks in the Trojan war. Centaurs were wild and given to base instincts. Lapith vs. centaur, south face of Parthenon metope relief