Download The Civil War 1861

The Civil War
1861 - 1865
Lincoln’s Inauguration
• March 4, 1861
– 7 states have seceded
• Lincoln does not believe they had the authority
• Does not want war
• Only Ft. Sumter & Ft.
Pickens still under
“I hold that in contemplation of
Federal control
universal law and of the
Constitution the Union of these
States is perpetual. Perpetuity is
implied, if not expressed, in the
fundamental law of all national
governments”
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The Confederate States of
America
Eventually 11 states
Capital initially Montgomery, AL
Will move to Richmond, VA after the secession of VA
Jefferson Davis is the President
Government similar to Articles of Confederation
Ft. Sumter – April 12, 1861
• Lincoln tries to send
provisions
• Confederacy sees this as a
sign of aggression
• SC militia attacks the Fort
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Fort surrenders April 14
Lincoln calls up the army
Final 4 states secede
Civil War begins
See Handouts
Why did it take the North 4 years
to win?
• Leaders
– South had much better leadership from the get-go
– North would not find an effective leader until 1863
• South just had to defend its territory
• North had to conquer 11 states
Confederate Generals
PGT Beauregard Thomas “Stonewall”
West Point Graduate
Served in Mex-Am
War
Won Ft. Sumter
Jackson
West Point Graduate
Served in Mex-Am
War
Won 1st Battle of Bull Tactical Genius
Run
George
Pickett
West Point
Graduate
Served in MexAm War
Nathan Bedford
Forrest
Wealthy Planter
Later started the
KKK
Robert E. Lee
• Attended West Point
• Served in Mex-Am War
• Lincoln asked him to head
Union Army
• Chose to follow VA
• Man in charge of
Confederate Army
Union Generals
George
McClellan
Winfield Scott
War of 1812
Black Hawk War
Seminole War
Mex-Am War
He is 74 years
old
Incapable of
going to battle
West Point
Mex-Am War
Overcautious &
Unaggressive
The Anaconda Plan
• Proposed by Winfield
Scott
• Realized it would take
time to defeat the CSA
• 2 Part Plan
1. Blockade the South
2. Take control of the
Mississippi
• Never called for a
direct invasion
• Lincoln put Blockade into place 4/19/61
• Hard to enforce
– 3,500 miles of coastline
– 90 ships
• Cut off all imports & exports
to the CSA
• Britain refused to violate
• Blockade
eventually very
effective
• Part 2 not followed
until late 1862
• Lincoln decides
instead to invade
Battle of Bull Run (7/21/61)
a.k.a. First Manassas
• North thought victory would
be swift & easy
• Lincoln ordered invasion
• Union lost
• Impact:
– North realized this would be a
long fight & began to prepare
Battle of the Ironclads (3/8-9/62)
Monitor v. Merrimack (Virginia)
• 1st battle of iron re-enforced ships
• Armored ships with a ram on the front
• March 8: Virginia was trying to disrupt the blockade in the
Chesapeake Bay
• Inflicted huge damage to U.S.
Navy
• March 9: Monitor arrives
• Spend the day ramming
each other
• Neither wins
• Dramatically changes naval warfare
The Peninsula Campaign
April 5-July 1, 1862
• McClellan now in charge of the
Union Army
• Ordered to capture Richmond
• Afraid to have frontal assault
– Invades up the Peninsula
• Encounters Lee
• Loses & is fired
Second Bull Run (8/28-30/62)
• John Pope now in charge of Union
Army
• Engages Lee at Manassas
• Loses, retreats to D.C., & is fired
• McClellan put back in charge
Antietam (9/17/62)
• Bloodiest single day of fighting of the entire war
• Lee decides to invade the North
– Persuade Border states to join the CSA
– Gain British aid
– Capture D.C.
• The Union won
– 1st real victory
• McClellan failed to pursue the Confederates across the
Potomac
• Fired again
• Britain would not intervene to help the CSA
Ulysses S. Grant
• West Point graduate
• Served in Mex-Am War
• Forced to resign from the army
in 1854
• Rejoined with the start of the
Civil War
• Sent to the West where he will
become a hero
Grant’s Victories in the West
• Forts Donelson &
Henry: captured in Feb
1862
– Allowed access to the
Tennessee &
Cumberland Rivers
– Allowed Union to
capture Nashville &
most of TN
– Kentucky now secure
• Shiloh (April 6 & 7,
1862):
– Fought against Gen.
Beauregard
– Won
– Bloodiest battle of
the war
• New Orleans
captured April 29 by
the Navy
• Grant ordered to
take control of the
Mississippi
The Proclamation
• Lincoln announced on September 23, 1862
• All slaves in rebellious areas would become free on
January 1, 1863
– Warning to the South
• Main purpose: make sure
Britain would not aid the CSA
• Constitutionality
questionable
Reaction
• North has a mixed reaction
– Abolitionists felt it wasn’t enough
– Some worry about the Border States
– Racism increases because of worry of increasing numbers of
African-Americans
• South FURIOUS
• Europeans most
important
– Will now not intervene
Johnny Reb & Billy Yank
• Over 3 million men served
in the Civil War
• Chances in the War:
– 1 out of every 6.7 wounded
– 1 out of every 38 would die
of his wounds
– 1 out every 42.7 killed in
battle
– 1 out of every 10 captured
– 1 out of every 7 captured
died in prison
Confederate Draft
• Initially relied on volunteers
• Draft brought in April 1862
– Any man age 17-50
• Ways around the draft:
– 1 exemption for every 20 slave owned
– Hire a substitute
• Became “Rich man’s war, but a poor man’s fight”
Union Draft
• Initially relied on volunteers
– 90% would be volunteers
• 1st conscription law passed March
1863
• Ways around the Draft:
– Hire a substitute
– Buy an exemption ($300)
• “Rich man’s war, but a poor man’s
fight”
Draft Riots
• Spring & Summer 1863 draft
riots across the North
• Most protesting b/c this is
now a fight about slavery
• Most riots in Democratic areas
• Largest was in NYC
Enlistment of African-Americans
• African-Americans
initially not allowed to
enlist as soldiers
– Served in Navy as
laborers, cooks, firemen
• After Emancipation Proc,
African-Americans were
enlisted
• 180,000 total served
Legislation Passed
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1861 – Morrill Tariff Act (raises the tariff)
1862 – Homestead Act (free land out west)
1862 – Legal Tender Act (print greenbacks)
1862 – Morrill Land Grant Act (building colleges)
1863 – Pacific Railway Act (transcontinental RR)
1863 – National Bank Act (create banks & national
currency)
The Economy
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North prospered
South fell apart
Women saw expanded roles in both North & South
Inflation was a problem for both
– 90% in the North
– 9000% in the South
Limitation on Liberties
• In times of war limitations are placed on people’s
rights
• Violations of Constitution:
– Blockade of the South
– Suspended Habeas Corpus
– “Supervised” voting in Border States
Vicksburg
• Grant needs Vicksburg to have
control of Mississippi river
• Frontal attacks did not work
• Laid siege May 19-July 4, 1863
• Wins control of Vicksburg
• Wins control of the Mississippi
• South cut into 2
• Vital food supply line cut off
Gettysburg
• Lee decides to again invade the
North
– Foreign Aid
– Force a negotiated peace
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July 1-3, 1863 fights in Pennsylvania
Meade in control of Union army
Union wins
Significance:
– Lee now only defensive
– Coupled with Vicksburg,
South now losing
Gettysburg Address
• Speech given by Lincoln Nov.
19, 1863
• Outlines the goal of the Federal
government
– EQUALITY
– The U.S. is a nation not a union
of autonomous states
Grant vs. Lee
• After Vicksburg, Grant in charge of Union army
• Moves to the East
• Fights a war of attrition:
– Destroy strategic, economic, and psychological
capacity for war
• Able to defeat Lee
numerous times
• Gets stuck in Petersburg
1864
William Tecumseh Sherman
• Chosen by Grant to capture the deep South
• Marches from TN to GA & capture Atlanta (1864)
• Uses a “Scorched Earth Policy”
– Burns Atlanta
• Turns East
toward Savannah
• “Sherman’s March to the Sea”
Nov 15– Dec 22,1864
• Ordered his troops to burn
crops, kill livestock, consume
supplies, and destroy civilian
infrastructure along their path
The Candidates
• Lincoln v. McClellan
• McClellan runs on a platform of cease-fire & peace talks
• Lincoln doesn’t think he’ll win
– High casualty rate
– Low Morale
– Sherman wins Atlanta
• Lincoln wins
Lincoln’s
nd
2
Inauguration
• Outlines his Reconstruction Plan
• “With malice toward none, with charity for all…let
us…bind up the nation’s wounds.”
Richmond Falls
• Grant laid siege at Petersburg June
1864
• Lee abandons both Petersburg &
Richmond April 2, 1865
Lee Surrenders
• Grant pursues Lee to Appomattox Courthouse
• Lee surrenders to Grant April 9, 1865
• War is over
See Handouts
Lincoln’s Assassination
• April 14, 1865 Lincoln at Ford’s Theatre
• Shot in the head
• Died the next morning