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הערך קורייט'ה מתוך האנציקלופדיה של הקוראן Qurayẓa (Banū) One of the Jewish tribes of Medina and traditionally part of the triad that also includes the Banū Qaynuqāʿ (q.v.) and the Banū l- Naḍīr (see naḍīr *banū al-]). Although the origin of the Qurayẓa, like that of the other Medinan Jews, and their coming to Medina (q.v.) are not known with certainty, the sources provide some information concerning their role in pre-Islamic times. Thus, members of the Qurayẓa allegedly persuaded the Yemenite ruler Asʿad Abū Qarib (Karib!) not to attack Medina and caused him to convert to Judaism (see jews and judaism; yemen; pre-islamic arabia and the qurʾān; south arabia, religion in pre-islamic). Other reports state that in pre-Islamic Medina, the Qurayẓa were in constant conflict with their fellow tribe of the Banū l-Naḍīr (cf. q 2:84 f.), yet both are often called “brothers” and commonly referred to as the “two Israelite tribes” (al- sibṭān) or the “two priest clans” (al- kāhinān). In pre-Islamic poetry (see poetry and poets ), the Qurayẓa are variously mentioned, and the poems of their own members were, as it seems, collected in a (now lost) Kitāb Banī Qurayẓa (see Āmidī, Muʾtalif, 211). The area inhabitated by the Qurayẓa — and their sub-clans such as the Banū Kaʿb b. Qurayẓa and the Banū ʿAmr b. Qurayẓa — on the outer fringes of Medina, most notably the Wādī Mahzūr, can be assessed from geographical accounts, and a Medinan cemetery as well as a later mosque, built upon their land, were known by their name. Some details in the story of Salmān al-Fārisī suggest that the Qurayẓa had parental ties with the Jews of Wādī l-Qurā in the northern Ḥijāz. The conflict of the Muslims with the Qurayẓa after the “Battle of the Ditch” in 5/627 is the most conspicuous story of the Prophet's dealing with the Medinan Jews in the prophetic biography tradition ( sīra; see sīra and the qurʾān). The Muslim attack and siege of the Qurayẓa was a response to their open, probably active support of the Meccan pagans and their allies during that battle (see mecca; polytheism and atheism; hypocrites and hypocrisy). After bloody fighting the Jews surrendered and the male members of the Qurayẓa were executed, the women and children taken captive and sold into slavery (see captives; slaves and slavery); and the booty (q.v.) gained — money, weapons and land — were distributed among the Muslim fighters, according to most sources. The execution itself, during which between 400 and 900 men were killed, is largely undisputed in the Islamic sources and has aroused much dismay in the western perception of early Islam. It is not the Prophet himself, however, who is portrayed as having pronounced the condemnation but rather his Companion, Saʿd b. Muʿādh (see companions of the prophet), who was fatally wounded by an arrow in the battle before this event took place. The qurʾānic passage commonly associated with these events is q 33:26 f. (see expeditions and battles; fighting; bloodshed): And he brought down those of the People of the Book (q.v.) who supported them from their fortresses and cast terror in their hearts; some you slew, some you made captive. And he bequeathed upon you their lands, their habitations, and their possessions, and a land that you never trod; God is powerful over everything. Rayḥāna l-Quraẓiyya, of uncertain parentage but most probably belonging to the Banū ʿAmr b. Qurayẓa, was captured after the Banū Qurayẓa episode. She then either became the Prophet's concubine or, according to many reports, was married to him and later divorced; she eventually died before the Prophet (see wives of the prophet; concubines). The Islamic tradition knows a number of descendants from the Qurayẓa by name, most famous among them being the traditionist Muḥammad b. Kaʿb al-Quraẓī, who was born a Muslim and died in Medina in 120/738 or some years before (see ḥadīth and the qurʾān). Others include his father Kaʿb b. Asad b. Sulaym and his brother Isḥāq, as well as ʿAṭiyya al-Quraẓī, al-Zubayr (?) b. ʿAbd alRaḥmān b. al-Zabīr, ʿAlī b. Rifāʿa and the progeny of Abū Malik al-Quraẓī. This suggests that, in contrast to what is reported in the Islamic tradition, several male persons of the Qurayẓa did survive the conflict in Medina, probably because of their young age at the time. Marco Schöller Bibliography Primary (All sīra writings provide information about the Qurayẓa; the “orthodox” version of events, adopted in most later sources, is that by Ibn Isḥāq. Much material contains works about the so-called “occasions of revelation” [asbāb al-nuzūl], and further information is found in many Qurʾān commentaries: see in particular the classical works of tafsīr at q 2:84 f., 214; 3:124 f.; 5:42, 51 f.; 8:27 f., 56 f.; 33:26 f. and 59:2 f. Additional notices are found in legal compendia, especially in the “war chapters,” and ḥadīth collections. Even dictionaries [s.v. q-r-ẓ] and geographical writings yield interesting notices. On Rayḥāna al-Quraẓiyya see also writings on the Prophet's wives and concubines. The following is only a partial list of these works.): al-Āmidī, Abū l-Qāsim al-Ḥasan b. Bishr, al-Muʾtalif wa-l-mukhtalif, Cairo 1961, 211 (for the abovementioned Kitāb Banī Qurayẓa) al-Dimyāṭī, ʿAbd al-Muʾmin b. Khalaf, Kitāb Nisāʾ rasūl Allāh, ed. F. Saʿd, Beirut 1989 (on Rayḥāna al-Quraẓiyya) Ibn Durayd, Kitāb Jamharat al-lugha, 3 vols., Beirut 1987-8 (a dictionary) Ibn Isḥāq, Sīra Ibn Isḥāq-Guillaume Muḥibb al-Dīn al-Ṭabarī, al-Simṭ al-thamīn fī manāqib ummahāt al-muʾminīn, var. eds., e.g. Cairo 1996 (on Rayḥāna al-Quraẓiyya) Secondary: W. Arafat, New light on the story of Banū Qurayẓa and the Jews of Medina, in jras n.s. (1976), 100-7 J. Bouman, Der Koran und die Juden. Die Geschichte einer Tragödie, Darmstadt 1990, 73 f. M. Kister, The massacre of the Banū Qurayẓa. A reexamination of a tradition, in jsai 8 (1986), 61-96 M. Lecker, Jews and Arabs in pre- and early Islamic Arabia, Aldershot 1998 id., Muslims, Jews and pagans. Studies on early Islamic Medina, Leiden 1995 id., Did Muḥammad conclude treaties with the Jewish tribes Naḍīr, Qurayẓa and Qaynuqāʿ? in ios 17 (1997), 29-36 M. Schöller, Exegetisches Denken und Prophetenbiographie. Eine quellenkritische Analyse der Sīra-Überlieferung zu Muḥammads Konflikt mit den Juden, Wiesbaden 1998 W.M. Watt, The condemnation of the Jews of Banū Qurayẓah, in mw 42 (1952), 16071 A.J. Wensinck, Muhammad and the Jews of Medina, trans. W.H. Behn, Berlin 19822 [Print Version: Volume 4, page 333, column 2] Citation: Schöller, Marco. "Qurayẓa (Banū)." Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān. General Editor: Jane Dammen McAuliffe, Georgetown University, Washington DC. Brill, 2011. Brill Online.