Download Ehrlichiosis and Anaplasmosis

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Botulism
Botulism is caused
by toxin (poison) produced by Clostridium botulinum
bacteria.
This toxin affects nerves
can cause paralysis and respiratory failure.
C. botulinum toxin is one of the most powerful
naturally occuring toxins.
Exposure to the toxin, particularly in an aerosolized
(spray) form, can be fatal.
C. botulinum has been made into bioweapons
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Transmission
Cases of foodborne botulism
originate with home-canned foods with low acid content,
such as asparagus, green beans, beets, and corn.
Clostridium botulinum,
the bacterium that causes botulism,
it is anaerobic,
Outbreaks of botulism,
from more unusual sources
baked potatoes wrapped in aluminum foil
but not kept hot, and tomatoes.
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Symptoms
Symptoms of foodborne botulism include:
Double vision and drooping eyelids
Slurred speech
Dry mouth and difficulty swallowing
Weak muscles
INCUBATIE :
18 to 36 hours after eat contaminated food,
but can occur in as few as 6 hours or as long as 10 days
afterward.
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Diagnosis
C. botulinum toxin
in blood or stool infected PEOPLE.
Treatment
botulism early,
an antitoxin that blocks the action of the bacterial
toxin circulating in blood keeps becoming worse,
it will still take many weeks before recover.
try to remove any contaminated food still in gut by
making vomit or by giving an enema.
Prevention
hygienic steps when canning foods
Refrigerate oils containing garlic or herbs
Keep baked potatoes wrapped in aluminum foil
either hot until served or refrigerated
Consider boiling home-canned food before eating
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Complications
botulism can temporarily paralyze arms, legs, trunk, and
the muscles that help your breathe.
The paralysis usually improves slowly over several weeks.
severe botulism experience breathing failure
and paralysis and need to be put on ventilators (breathing
machines).
All forms of botulism lead to paralysis
that typically starts with
the facial muscles and then spreads towards the limbs.
severe forms,
it leads to paralysis of the breathing muscles
and causes respiratory failure.
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Three basic types of botulism—
foodborne botulism,
intestinal botulism (proliferation in the gut),
wound botulism (contamination of a wound by the
bacterium).
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The treatment
is usually produced by immunizing large animals with an
inactivated form of BoNTs,
the antitoxins into a usable form for humans is an expensive task,
and the product has a limited shelf life.
a new antitoxin stategy in mice,
found that a pool of four different small antitoxin binding agents
could direct a single antibody (an infection-fighting protein) to
become attached to the toxin at four sites and protect the mice
from BoNT just as well as the conventional antitoxin-only .
Importantly, this combination treatment would be faster and more
economical to produce, and easier to stockpile.
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Campylobacteri
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Campylobacteri
Campylobacteriosis is an infectious disease
caused by eating or handling contaminated
food or drinking contaminated beverages.
Cause
Campylobacteriosis is caused by bacteria Campylobacter.
Campylobacter jejuni, C. fetus, and C. coli
C. jejuni causes most cases of this foodborne disease.
the leading cause of bacterial diarrheal
( 5 and 14 percent of all diarrheal illness worldwide).
C. jejuni primarily affects children less than 5 years old and young
adults 15 to 29 years old.
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Transmission
Campylobacter from handling raw poultry,
eating undercooked poultry,
drinking nonchlorinated water or raw milk,
handling infected human or animal feces.
Most frequently, poultry and cattle waste ,
feces from puppies, kittens, and birds also may
be contaminated with the bacteria.
Symptoms
may have no symptoms.
they can include
Diarrhea (often bloody)
Abdominal cramping and pain
Nausea and vomiting
Fever
Tiredness
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Diagnosis
laboratory tests Campylobacter in stool if are infected.
Treatment
better with no special treatment.
ciprofloxacin or azithromycin.
Erythromycin helps treat diarrhea .
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Prevention
Wash hands :
* Before preparing food
* After handling raw poultry or other meat
*Food preparation surfaces and utensils that have come in
contact with raw meat
* After handling pet feces or visiting petting zoos
Cook poultry products
* 170ºF for breast meat and 180ºF for thigh meat
Don’t drink
* unpasteurized milk unchlorinated water that isn’t boiled.
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Complications
1.convulsions with fever
2.meningitis (inflammation of the lining of the spinal cord).
3.arthritis.
4.A small number Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS),
acute paralysis rare condition
develops from 2 to 4 weeks usually after diarrheal
GBS suffer from increasing paralysis of the limbs which lasts for
several weeks.
In severe cases,
develop breathing problems requiring very long hospital stays.
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Ehrlichiosis and Anaplasmosis
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Tick-borne infections:
Lyme (Borreliosis),
Anaplasmosis / Ehrlichiosis,
Babesiosis,
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever,
Bartonella,
Tularemia
Ehrlichiosis and Anaplasmosis
Ehrlichiosis and anaplasmosis
are two closely related tickborne diseases,
caused by different germs.
Although both diseases concentrate east of the Rocky Mountains,
they usually occur in different areas.
Ehrlichiosis, or human monocytic ehrlichiosis (HME),
is found mainly
in the mid-Atlantic, southeastern, and south central states.
Anaplasmosis (formerly called human granulocytic ehrlichiosis,
or HGE)
occurs more often in the Northeast and upper Midwest
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Ehrlichiosis and anaplasmosis
are emerging infectious diseases
in the United States and other countries.
(Emerging infectious diseases are diseases first described
within the last two decades.)
In 2008,1,009 cases of anaplasmosis and 957 cases of HME
132 ehrlichial diseases
Ticks carrying the anaplasmosis bacterium have been collected,
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Cause
Ehrlichiosis is caused by bacteria called Ehrlichia.
Anaplasmosis is caused bacterium
Anaplasma phagocytophilum
Symptoms
begin at least 5 days after bitten by an infected tick and can
include:
Fever,Chills, Headache ,Muscle pain ,Nausea
Tiredness ,a rash.
might not have symptoms, or might be so mild hardly notice
them.
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Transmission
Both ehrlichiosis and anaplasmosis are
transmitted by the bite of an infected tick.
The most important carriers of anaplasmosis
in the United States are the western blacklegged tick
and the deer tick,
both of which also transmit Lyme disease.
Human monocytic ehrlichiosis, or HME,
is transmitted by the lone star tick and possibly other species.
laboratory tests to find out
ehrlichiosis or anaplasmosis or perhaps some other
tickborne infection.
Treatment
antibiotic such as doxycycline .
With treatment, most people fully recover.
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Prevention
avoid walking in areas of tall grass, brush, or anywhere
there may be ticks.
Wear light-colored clothing
Tuck your pants legs so ticks can’t get up inside pants legs
Wear a long-sleeved shirt and tuck it inside pants.
Spray insecticide containing permethrin on boots and clothing.
The effects will last several days.
Apply insect repellent containing DEET to skin.
Look for ticks on body, including in hair,
return from hiking or walking
Check children and pets for ticks
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Complications
Ehrlichiosis can become a severe, life-threatening illness,
especially if left untreated.
damage the lungs and kidneys.
Other complications seizures and coma.
Complication of anaplasmosis
sepsis
damage the lungs, heart, kidneys, and nerves.
more severe with compromised immune systems.
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