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Anatomy of Skeletal Elements The Musculoskeletal system • 206 bones • grouped into the axial and appendicular skeletons • 650 muscles – approximately 40% of your body weight – also divided into an axial and an appendicular division Classification of Bones • 6 types - based on anatomical classification – Long bones = greater length than width – Short bones = cube-shaped, spongy bone except at surface – Flat bones = two parallel plates of compact bone sandwiching spongy bone layer – Irregular bones = cannot be grouped – Sesamoid bones = develop in tendons where there is considerable friction, tension and stress – Sutural bones = located within joints between cranial bones Bone Markings (surface features) • Used to identify specific elevations, depressions, and openings of bones • Bone markings provide distinct and characteristic landmarks for orientation and identification of bones and associated structures. Bony Processes • Depressions and openings – – – – – Fissure – narrow slit Foramen – hole for nerves, blood vessels Fossa – cuplike depression Sulcus – furrow on a bone surface, contains a nerve or blood vessel Meatus – tubelike opening • Processes – projection or outgrowth on bone for attachment – – – – – – – – – – Condyle – smoothened process at end of bone, forms a joint Facet – smooth flat surface, forms a joint Head – rounded condyle on a neck, forms a joint Crest – prominent ridge or projection, for attachment of connective tissues Epicondyle – projection above a condyle, for attachment of connective tissues Line – long, narrow ridge (less prominent than a crest), for attachment of connective tissues Spinous process – sharp, slender projection, for attachment of connective tissues Trochanter – process of the femur, for attachment of connective tissues Tubercle – process of the humerus, for attachment of connective tissues Tuberosity – roughening on a bone surface, for attachment of connective tissues THE SKELETAL SYSTEM: AXIAL DIVISION Part A Skeletal system includes • Axial division – Skull and associated bones • Auditory ossicles • Hyoid bones – Vertebral column – Thoracic cage • Ribs sternum • Appendicular division -Pectoral girdle -Pelvic girdle The Axial Skeleton • Axial division – Skull and associated bones • Auditory ossicles • Hyoid bones – Vertebral column – Thoracic cage • Ribs sternum The Skull and Associated Bones The Adult Skull •skull = 22 bones •cranium = 8 bones: frontals, occipital, temporals, parietals, sphenoid and ethmoid •facial bones = 14 bones: nasals, maxillae, zygomatics, mandible, lacrimals, palatines, inferior nasal conchae, vomer •skull forms a larger cranial cavity -also forms the nasal cavity, the orbits, paranasal sinuses •mandible and auditory ossicles are the only movable skull bones •skull contains many holes for the passage of nerves and vessels = foramen/foramina •cranial bones also: attach to membranes called meninges -stabilize positions of the brain, blood vessels -outer surface provides large areas for muscle attachment that move the head or provide facial expressions black eyes: superior to the supraorbital ridge is a sharp ridge -a blow will fracture the bone and result in bleeding & inflammation cleft lip and palate: palatine processes usually unite at embryonic weeks 10-12 -failure results in a hole = cleft palate -the palatine bones themselves may fail to fuse -a split in the upper lip may also result = cleft lip -complications: speech, swallowing, ear infections -> hearing loss -closure of cleft lip - few weeks after birth -closure of cleft palate - 12 to 18 months TMJ: associated with the temperomandibular joint -dull pain around ear, tenderness of jaw, difficulty chewing, headache -results from grinding of teeth and clenching of jaws -no permanent treatments deviated nasal septum: nasal septum divides the nasal cavity into right and left halves -three components: vomer, septal cartilage & perpendicular plate of the ethmoid -deviation results in a later deflection of the septum -severe deviation may affect breathin Sutures • Immovable joints • Form boundaries between skull bones • Four main sutures – – – – – Coronal Sagittal Lambdoid Squamous PLUS lots of smaller sutures • e.g Frontonasal • e.g. Temperozygomatic Skull: Posterior View • Occipital bone • Part of the base of the skull • Surrounds the foramen magnum • Forms part of the jugular foramen Mastoid notch •Parietal bones -Part of the superior and lateral surfaces of the cranium Temporal surface of greater wing of sphenoid Frontal process of zygomatic Squamous portion Lacrimal bone Petrous portion Tympanic portion Maxillary process of zygomatic Articular Tubercle •Temporal bone -Forms wall of jugular foramen -Petrous part houses tympanic cavity Auditory ossicles transmit sound to inner ear Supraorbital ridge Or margin glabella Internasal suture Frontal process of maxilla Zygomatic process of maxilla • Frontal bone – Forms the forehead – Roof of the orbit glabella The Orbit • Orbital complex – Bony recess that holds the eye – Seven bones • • • • • • • Frontal bone Lacrimal bones Palatine bones Zygomatic bones Ethmoid Sphenoid Maxillae Skull: Inferior View Basilar Portion Condylar fossa Condylar foramen may be present Petrous portion Skull: Interior View Figure 6.4 Sectional Anatomy of the Skull, Part I Tuberculum sellae Cerebral surface of Greater wing of sphenoid Hypophyseal fossa Dorsum sella Lesser wing of sphenoid Foramen Rotundum Sella Turcica • Sphenoid bone – – – – Contributes to floor of cranium Bridges cranial and facial bones Optic canal allows passage of optic nerve Pterygoid processes sites of muscle attachment • Ethmoid Bone – – – – – – – Irregularly shaped bone Forms part of orbital wall Forms roof of nasal cavity Cribriform plate Perforations for olfactory nerve Perpendicular plate Nasal septum Cranial Fossae Cranial Fossae • Depressions in cranial floor • Anterior cranial fossa – Frontal bone, ethmoid, lesser wings of sphenoid • Middle cranial fossa – Sphenoid, temporal bones, parietal bones • Posterior cranial fossa – Occipital bone, temporal bones, parietal bones Bones of the Face • Maxillae – Paired bone – Largest facial bones – Form upper jaw • Mandible – Entire lower jaw – Articulates with temporal bone – Temporomandibular joint • Nasal bones – Paired bones – Articulate with frontal bone – Extend to superior border of external nares • Vomer – Forms inferior portion of nasal septum – Articulates with maxillae and palatines • Inferior nasal concha – Located on each side of nasal septum – Increase epithelial surface – Create turbulence in inspired air • Zygomatic bone – Temporal process articulates with zygomatic process of temporal bone – Forms zygomatic arch • Lacrimal bones – Smallest bones in skull – Forms nasolacrimal groove leading to nasolacrimal canal – Delivers tears to nasal cavity • Palatine bones – Small – L-shaped – Form posterior portion of hard palate – Contribute to floor of orbit • Bones and cartilage that enclose the nasal cavity • Paranasal sinuses – Hollow airways – Frontal bones, sphenoid, ethmoid and maxillae The Nasal Complex Skull: Sagittal View The Paranasal Sinuses The Hyoid Bone • Suspended by stylohyoid ligaments • Consists of a body, greater horns and lesser horns • Base for muscles of the tongue and larynx The Skulls of Infants, Children and Adults Fontanels • Fibrous connections • Permit infant skulls to pass through birth canal • Permit the skulls of infants and children to continue growth • The flat bones in the infant skull are separated by fontanels, which allow for cranial expansion and the distortion of the skull during birth. Adult Vertebral Column • strong, flexible rod – average male = 71 cm (28 inches) – average female – 61 cm (24 inches) • capable of moving – – – – anteriorly posteriorly laterally also rotation • supports the head • encloses and protects the spinal cord • allows for the exit of 31 pairs of spinal nerves – through intervertebral foramina Adult Vertebral Column • 26 vertebrae – 24 individual vertebrae – Sacrum – 5 fused vertebrae – Coccyx – 4 fused vertebrae • Seven cervical vertebrae • Twelve thoracic vertebrae • Five lumbar vertebrae Adult Vertebral Column • vertebrae separated by intervertebral discs – discs of fibrocartilage made up of an outer ring and a softer inner region – found between C1 and C2 and all the way down to between L5 and the sacrum – form the joints of the vertebral column – absorb shock – flatten, broaden and bulge outward – weakening in the outer ring can allow the herniation of the inner material Spinal Curvature • Four curvatures: increase the strength of the column – – – – Thoracic (primary) – forms fetally and retain the curve of the fetus Sacral (primary) – forms fetally and retain the curve of the fetus Cervical (secondary) – forms when the baby holds its head erect Lumbar (secondary) – forms upon walking • Every vertebrae has the following: – 1. body – weight bearing part of the vertebra • separated by the discs – 2. vertebral arch – surrounds the spinal cord • surrounds a hole called a vertebral foramen – 3. processes – seven of them • 1. Spinous (1) – muscle attachment • 2. Transverse (2) – muscle attachment • 3. Superior articular (2) – forms joint with upper vertebra • 4. Inferior articular (2) – forms joint with lower vertebra Cervical Vertebra Thoracic Vertebra Lumbar Fused Vertebrae: The sacrum & coccyx • • Sacrum - Union of 5 vertebrae (S1 - S5) – completely fused by age 30 – median sacral crest = spinous processes – sacral ala = fused transverse processes – sacral canal ends at sacral hiatus Coccyx = Union of 4 vertebrae (Co1 - Co4) – completely fused by age 30 Sternum & Rib Cage • sternum is comprised of three portions: – manubrium – body – xiphoid process • 12 pairs of ribs -three kinds of ribs: 1. True – separate & direct connection to the sternum via costal cartilage 2. False – no direct connection to the sternum – joined via a composite piece of costal cartilage 3. Floating – no connection to the sternum Sternum & Rib Cage • several muscles and muscle groups either originate from the sternum and/or ribcage (or costal cartilages) or insert onto these structures – sternum: • sternocleidomastoid • sternohyoid & sternothryoid – depresses hyoid bone and larynx – ribcage: • • • • • intercostals – external and internal serratus anterior & posterior numerous muscles of the vertebral column pectoralis major & minor 4 muscles of the abdominal wall THE SKELETAL SYSTEM: APPENDICULAR DIVISION Part A Appendicular Skeleton • Bones of upper and lower limbs • Pectoral and pelvic girdles – Connect limbs to trunk • Includes Shoulder Girdle – Scapula (shoulder blade) – Clavicle (collarbone) • Squares shoulders • Helps move the upper limb • Provides a base for muscle attachment Clavicle • S-shaped bone • Connects manubrium of sternum to the acromion process of scapula • Only direct connection between pectoral girdle and axial skeleton The Scapula • • Medial or vertebral border is the insertion point for the rhomboids, levator scapulae & serratus anterior Two processes attached to ligaments and tendons – – Coracoid process – e.g insertion for pectoralis minor, origin of biceps Acromion process – e.g. origin of the deltoid • • • continues on to become the scapular spine Articulates at the round head of the humerus to form the glenohumoral joint Articulates with clavicle at the acromioclavicular joint Figure 7.5a, b The Scapula The Humerus • articulates with glenoid cavity • articular capsule attaches at anatomical neck • trochlea and capitulum form joints with the ulna and radius = elbow joint • numerous muscles insert at greater and lesser tubercle – greater tubercle – insertion of 3 rotator cuff muscles + pectoralis major – lesser tubercle – insertion for the other rotator cuff • intertubercular groove – insertion for latissimus dorsi • deltoid tuberosity – insertion of deltoid muscle The Radius and Ulna • Parallel bones of the forearm • radial tuberosity – insertion point for the biceps brachii • Olecranon process of ulna articulates with olecranon fossa of humerus – olecranon process is a major point of muscle attachment for the triceps • Coronoid fossa of humerus accommodates coronoid process of ulna – insertion for the major forearm flexor = brachialis Carpal Bones • 8 wrist bones • Two rows, proximal and distal – scaphoid bone, lunate bone, triquetrum, pisiform – trapezium, trapezoid bone, capitate bone, hamate bone – scaphoid = most commonly injured carpal bone • fall on the outstretched hand – fracture into two separate pieces (tears blood vessels) Some lovers try positions that they can’t handle Metacarpal Bones • Articulate with distal carpals • Distally articulate with phalanges – Fingers have three phalanges – Pollex has two The Pelvic Girdle • The pelvic girdle consists of the two ossa coxae. • ossa coxae – Ilium – Ischium – Pubis • Ilium – – – – – – Largest hip bone Acetabulum Accommodates head of femur Fused to ischium posteriorly Fused to pubis anteriorly Pubic symphysis limits movement The Pelvic Girdle • The pelvic girdle consists of the two ossa coxae united at the pubic symphysis anteriorly and with the sacrum posteriorly • union between pelvis and sacrum = sacroiliac joint • os coxa – Ilium – Ischium – Pubis The Pelvic Girdle • Ilium – Largest hip bone – Fused to ischium posteriorly – Fused to pubis anteriorly via the superior ramus • Pubis – “pubic bone” – superior & inferior ramus • rami connect to the ilium and ischium • surrounds the obturator foramen – pubic symphysis is pad of fibrocartilage between 2 pubic bones • known as an amphithrotic (slightly movable) joint • Ischium – “sit bones” – ischial spine & tuberosity • ischial tuberosity – site of origin for hamstrings and adductor magnus – lesser sciatic notch – ramus unites with the pubis – – – – – – – inferior pubic ramus for origin of iliacus (hip flexor), gracilis, adductor brevis and magnus (hip adductors) – superior pubic ramus for origin of the hip adductor pectineus – pubic crest/tubercle for origin of adductor longus iliac fossa for origin of iliacus iliac crest for origin of gluteus maximus and medius anterior gluteal line for origin of gluteus medius anterior superior iliac spine for origin of sartorius anterior inferior iliac spine for origin of rectus femoris greater sciatic notch for passage of sciatic nerve Figure 7.12a-c Divisions of the Pelvis Female vs. Male Pelvis • • • • • • Smoother Lighter Less prominent markings Enlarged pelvic outlet Less sacral curvature Wider more circular pelvic inlet • Broader pubic angle Female Pelvis • • • • • • • Smoother Lighter Less prominent markings Enlarged pelvic outlet Less sacral curvature Wider more circular pelvic inlet Broader pubic angle The Femur • Longest bone in body – takes 5 months to completely replace • Rounded head on an anatomical neck – fits into the acetabulum of the pelvis to form the hip joint • Distal medial and lateral condyles articulate with tibia – to form the knee joint – knee joint is a hinge joint capable of one plane of motion • • Large tendon attachments to the trochanters and the linea aspera Linea aspera – – – • roughened line on the back of the femur origin for the hamstring biceps femoris (short head) & the knee extensor vastus medialis also the insertion point for adductor longus, brevis and magnus Greater and lesser trochanters – greater trochanter – origin of vastus lateralis (knee extensor) & the insertion point for the hip abductors: gluteus medius and minimus and piriformis – lesser trochanter – insertion for iliopsoas (hip flexor) The Patella • • • • Large sesmoid bone Forms within tendon of quadriceps femoris muscle group Patellar ligament attaches to tibial tuberosity This sesamoid bone forms within the tendon of the quadriceps femoris. The Tibia • • • • • Largest medial bone of leg Tibial tuberosity Anterior margin Interosseous border Medial malleolus – Medial support for talocrural joint The Tibia & Fibula • • • • • Tibia - largest medial bone of leg condyles of the tibia form the knee joint with the condyles of the femur Tibial tuberosity – site of insertion for the quadriceps femoris Anterior margin or crest – known as the “shin bone” Medial malleolus – medial support for talocrural joint of the ankle The Tarsus • Seven tarsal bones – calcaneus = heel • weight of body transferred through this bone! – talus – forms the ankle joint with the tibia and fibula • ligaments from the two malleolus processes reinforce this joint – navicular – cuboid – 3 cuneiform bones • weight passing through the calcaneus then passes along to 5 metatarsal bones -Longitudinal arch -Transverse arch Joints Supportive Connective tissues: types -cartilage & bone 1. Cartilage: -cells = chondrocytes -matrix = collagen fibers embedded in a gel-like ground-substance -collagen type II -ground substance - water + proteoglycans -proteoglycans - protein + sugars e.g. chondroitin sulfate glucosamine -functions in support, attachment, protection -in developing child - model for future bone (endochondral bone) -avascular tissue - produces anti-angiogenic chemicals (inhibits growth of blood vessels) -therefore diffusion is the main mode of transport Proteoglycan -3 types: 1) Hyaline - most common - “glass” - ends of bones, within joints (synovial, articular), - end of nose, supports respiratory passages 2. Elastic - flexible cartilage - external ears and parts of larynx 3. Fibrocartilage - very tough -> more collagen fibers - shock absorber e.g. intervertebral discs of the knee Classification of Joints Articulations • • • Wherever two bones interact Function depends on structure can classify according to: A. structure – i.e. what they are made of A. fibrous B. cartilagenous C. synovial B. function - movement – No movement = synarthrotic – Slight movement = amphithrotic – Extensive movement = diathrotic Fibrous joints •lack a synovial cavity •articulating surfaces are held very closely by fibrous connective tissue •three types 1. Sutures: composed a thin layer of fibrous connective tissue -unites the bones of the skull e.g. coronal suture -interlocking edges of the suture gives them strength -immovable joint 2. Syndesmoses: greater distance between articular edges -more fibrous connective tissue -connective tissue arranged as a sheet (interosseous membrane) or bundle (ligament) -slightly movable e.g. tibiofibular ligament connecting the tibiofibular joint e.g. interosseous membranes between the radius and ulna, tibia and fibula 3. Gomphoses: cone shaped peg fits into a socket e.g articulations of the roots of the teeth with the jaw -held by the periodontal ligament -immovable Cartilagenous joints •lacks a synovial cavity •allows little or no movement •articulating bones are connected by hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage 1. Synchondroses: connecting material is hyaline cartilage e.g. epiphyseal plate of a growing bone -immovable 2. Symphyses: ends of bones are covered with hyaline cartilage but are connected by a flat disc of fibrocartilage -all symphyses occur at the midline of the body e.g. pubic symphysis - connects two ends of the pubis bones e.g. intervertebral joints between the bodies of 2 vertebrae -slightly movable Synovial joints •presence of a synovial cavity between the articulating bone surfaces freely movable •lined with hyaline cartilage called articular cartilage •filled with a fluid called synovial fluid •surrounded by a fibrous capsule – inside is lined with a synovial membrane •movement is along three possible axes: Monaxial Biaxial Triaxial or Multiaxial •6 subtypes: 1. planar/gliding 2. hinge 3. pivot 4. condyloid 5. saddle 6. ball and socket Synovial Joints: General Anatomy • Articular/Joint capsule encloses joint cavity – continuous with periosteum of the bones of the joint – lined by a synovial membrane that produces synovial fluid • Synovial fluid = slippery fluid; feeds cartilages • Articular cartilage = hyaline cartilage covering the joint surfaces • Articular discs and menisci – found in the jaw, wrist, sternoclavicular and knee joints – absorbs shock, guides bone movements and distributes forces • Tendon attaches muscle to bone • Ligament attaches bone to bone 9-83 Synovial joint subtypes: 1. Planar/Gliding joints : articulating surfaces are flat or slightly curved -permit side to side or back and forth gliding motions -non axial - no motions around an axis -some books say they are limited monaxial joints e.g. intercarpal joints of the wrist bones e.g. intertarsal joints of the ankle bones 2. Hinge joints: convex surface of one bone fits into a concave surface -produces an angular, open and close movement -movement is in one plane of motion = monaxial 3. Pivot joints: rounded or pointed end of one bone fits into a ring of another -also monaxial -rotates around a longitudinal axis e.g atlas-axis joint - first 2 vertebrae 4. Condyloid joints: or ellipsoid joints -convex oval shaped projection of one bone fits into the oval-shaped depression of another bone -biaxial = two planes of motion e.g. metacarpals and proximal phalanges e.g. metatarsals and proximal phalanges e.g. atlanto-occipital joint 5. Saddle joints: articular surface of one bone is saddle shaped -modified condyloid joint -biaxial – but more moveable than condyloid joints e.g. thumb metacarpal and trapezium carpal bone = trapeziometacarpal joint 6. Ball and socket joints: ball-like end of one bone fits into a cuplike depression of another -multiaxial - several planes of motion e.g. hip joint, shoulder joint Three categories based on range of motion • Synarthroses – Immovable joints • Amphiarthroses – Slightly movable joints • Diarthroses – Freely movable joints Synarthroses • Bony edges may interlock • Sutures – Between skull bones • Gomphosis – Between teeth and jaw • Synchondrosis – Epiphyseal plate • Synostosis – Fused bones Amphiarthroses • Limited movements • Syndesmosis – Collagen fibers connect bones • e.g. tibiofibular joint • Symphysis – Bones are separated by cartilage pad • e.g. pubic symphysis Diarthroses (synovial joints) • • • • • Wide range of movement Bony surfaces covered by articular cartilage Lubricated by synovial fluid Enclosed with joint capsule Accessory structures – – – – – – Menisci Fat pads Ligaments Tendons Bursae Tendon sheaths Joint Description • for the diathrotic joints – there are a number of axes along which movement is permitted – Monaxial – Biaxial – Triaxial Joints: Range of Motion • Degrees through which a joint can move • Determined by – structure of the articular surfaces – strength and tautness of ligaments, tendons and capsule • stretching of ligaments increases range of motion • double-jointed people have long or slack ligaments – action of the muscles and tendons • nervous system monitors joint position and muscle tone 9-91 Rotational Movements • Movement on longitudinal axis – rotation of trunk, thigh, head or arm • Medial rotation turns the bone inwards • Lateral rotation turns the bone outwards 9-93 Rotational Movements • Medial and lateral rotation of the hand – called pronation & supination • in the foot we call it eversion and inversion Special movement terms • • • • • • • Pronation/Supination Eversion/Inversion Dorsiflexion/Plantar flexion Lateral flexion Opposition Protraction/retraction Elevation/depression Special movement terms Special movement terms Movements of Head and Trunk • Flexion, hyperextension and lateral flexion of vertebral 9-97 column Special movement terms Movements of Mandible • Lateral excursion = sideways movement • Medial excursion = movement back to the midline – side-to-side grinding during chewing 9-98 • Protraction – retraction of mandible Special movement terms Movement of Hand and Digits • Radial and ulnar flexion • Abduction of fingers and thumb • Opposition is movement of the thumb to approach or touch the fingertips • Reposition is movement back to the anatomical position 9-99 Special movement terms Movements of the Foot • Dorsiflexion is raising of the toes as when you swing the foot forward to take a step (heel strike) • Plantarflexion is extension of the foot so that the toes point downward as in standing on tiptoe • Inversion is a movement in which the soles are turned medially • Eversion is a turning of the soles to face laterally Describing dynamic motion of diathrotic joints • Linear motion/Gliding – Back and forth or side to side • Angular motion – Angle between shaft and surface changes – flexion, extension, lateral extension, hyperextension abduction, adduction and circumduction • Rotation – – – – Spinning of shaft on longitudinal axis pivot and ball and socket joints rotation inward - medial rotation rotation outward - lateral rotation Representative Articulations The Temporomandibular Joint • • • • Mandibular fossa of temporal bone Condylar processes of mandible Thick articular disc Supporting structures – – – – Dense capsule Temporomandibular ligament Stylomandibular ligament Sphenomandibular ligament • Loose hinge joint Figure 8.7b The TMJ Intervertebral Articulations • Articular processes of adjacent vertebrae • Symphyseal joints at bodies • Ligaments bind vertebrae • Permits flexion, extension, lateral flexion, rotation •Intervertebral discs separate -outer fibrous ring of fibrocartilage called the annulus fibrosis -inner, soft, pulpy elastic material called the nucleus pulposus Figure 8.9b Damage to the Intervertebral Discs The Sternoclavicular Joint • Gliding joint • Sternal end of clavicle and manubruim of sternum •Articular disc •Supports include -Anterior and posterior sternoclavicular ligaments -Intercalvicular ligaments -Costoclavicular ligaments The Shoulder Joint • Glenohumoral joint – Glenoid fossa and head of humerus • Loose shallow joint • Greatest range of motion Strength and stability are sacrificed • Supported by ligaments and muscles • Many bursae The Elbow Joint • Hinge joint • Flexion and extension • Includes humeroulnar joint and humeroradial joint • Supported by – Radial and ulnar collateral ligaments – Annular ligaments The Joints of the Wrist • Three joints – Distal radioulnar joint • Pivot diarthrosis • Pronation / suppination – Radiocarpal joint • • • • Ellipsoidal articulation Flexion/extension Adduction/ abduction circumduction – Intercarpal joints • Gliding joints Joints of the Hand • Intercarpal joints – Gliding • Carpometacarpal joint of thumb – Saddle • Carpometacarpal joints – Gliding • Metacarpophalangeal joints – Ellipsoidal • Interphalangeal joints – Hinge The Hip Joint • • • • • • Ball and socket diarthrosis Acetabulum of os coxae and head of femur Flexion / extension Adduction / abduction Circumduction Rotation • • • • • Iliofemoral ligament Pubofemoral ligament Ischiofemoral ligament Transverse acetabular ligaments Ligament of femoral head The Knee Joint • Complex hinge joint • Resembles three separate joints – Medial condyles of femur and tibia – Lateral condyles of femur and tibia – Patella and patellar surface of femur • Flexion / extension • Limited rotation • Support is not a single unified capsule – Not a single fluid cavity • • • • Fibrocartilage pads Medial and lateral menisci Fat pads Seven major ligaments bind knee joint – – – – Popliteals Patellar Anterior and posterior cruciates Tibial and fibular collaterals Figure 8.17d The Knee Joint, Part II The Joints of the Ankle and Foot • Hinge joint • Inferior surface of tibia, lateral malleolus of fibula, trochlea of talus – Primary joint is tibiotalar • Stabilizing ligaments • Dorsiflexion / plantar flexion • Intertarsal joints – Gliding • Tarsometatarsal joints – Gliding • Metatarsophalangeal – Gliding • Interphanageal – Hinge