Download Class VIII Infinitive_2015

LAN 402 BEGINNING
GREEK II
Class VII: Infinitive
Infinitive
1.1 Infinitive – English
 Infinitive
= verbal noun [participle = verbal adjective]
 “to”
– identity mark
“To study is my highest aspiration” [‘to study’ = subject]
“I started to sweat when I realized finals were three weeks
away” [‘to sweat’ = direct object of the verb]
 Greek infinitive functions in a similar manner (+ more)
Infinitive
1.2 Infinitive – Greek
 Always
indeclinable – viewed as sing. neut.
 Case
depends on its function in the sentence
 Can have direct object and verbal modifiers
 Tense (present, aorist, perfect) and voice (act., mid., pass.)
 Aspect, not tense, crucial [cf. participles]
Tense
Aspect
Translation
Present
Continuous
“to continually study”
Aorist
Undefined
“to study”
Perfect
Completed
“to have studied”
Infinitive
 Paradigm
– infinitive
Present
1 aorist
2 aorist
Perfect
λύειν
λῦσαι
λαβεῖν
λελυκέναι
Middle λύεσθαι λύσασθαι λαβέσθαι λελύσθαι
γραφῆναι λελύσθαι
Passive λύεσθαι λυθῆναι
Active
(continuous) inf. – built on present stem
 Aorist act/mid (undefined) – aorist act/mid stem
 Present
 Aorist
 Perfect
pass. – aorist passive stem
act. (completed) – pf. act. stem
 Perfect
mid/pass – pf mid/pass stem
Infinitive
 Definitions
of infinitive
Present
1 aorist
2 aorist
Active
To loose
To loose
To receive To have loosed
Middle
To loose
To loose
To receive To have loosed
Passive
To be
loosed
To be
loosed
To be
received
 Parsing:
Perfect
To have been
loosed
tense, voice, “infinitive”, lex. form, infl.
meaning
 βλέψαι. Aorist,
active, inf., from βλέπω = “to see”
Infinitive
2.1 The meaning of infinitive
(a) Aspect – infinitive has no time significance
 Present
inf. – continuous action
Οὐδείς δύναται δυσί κυρίους δουλεύειν
No one is able to serve two masters
 Aorist
inf. – undefined action
μὴ φοβηθῇς παραλαβεῖν Μαρίαν τὴν γυναῖκά σου
Do not be afraid to take Mary as your wife
 Perfect
inf. – completed action
ἤκουσαν τοῦτο αὐτὸν πεποιηκέναι τὸ σημεῖον
They heard he had done this sign
 Nuances cannot be translated into English generally
Infinitive
(b) Subject
 Technically
infinitive cannot have subject
 Noun
in accusative acts as if it was the subject of infinitive
οὐκ ἢφιεν λαλεῖν τὰ δαιμόνια
He would not permit the demons to speak
 Sometimes
difficult to determine the ‘subject’ when there
are two nouns that are in accusative – generally 1st = subj.
ἐν τῷ εἰσαγαγεῖν τοὺς γονεῖς τὸ παιδίον Ἰησοῦν
When the parents brought in the child Jesus
 Exception: ἔξεστιν (‘it is lawful’) παραγγέλλω (I command)
that take their direct object (and also subject) in dative
Infinitive
2.2 Translation of infinitive
(a) Infinitive as substantive – articular infinitive
infinitive – generally preceded by definite article
 Translate “to” and the verb
 Sometimes idiomatic
 Articular
ἐμοὶ τὸ ζῆν Χριστὸς καὶ τὸ ἀποθανεῖν κέρδος
For to me, to live is Christ and to die is gain
Infinitive
(b) Complementary Infinitive – verb + infinitive
Translate “to” and the verb
ἤρξαντο λαλεῖν ἑτέραις γλῶσσαις
They began to speak in other tongues


Verbs that require complementary infinitive
δεῖ αὐτὴν ἐσθίειν
It is necessary for her to eat
ἔξεστιν ἐσθίειν αὐτῷ
It is lawful for him to eat
δύναμαι ἐσθίειν
I am able to eat
μέλλω ἄρχομαι
I am about to [going to]
I begin
Infinitive
(c) Articular infinitive and preposition
 Articular infinitive is preceded by preposition
 Case
of the definite article is determined by the preposition
 Translation is idiomatic
 Reason/purpose
 διὰ (accusative)
- because
διὰ τὸ βλέπειν
Because he sees
ὁ Ἰησοῦς χαρήσεται διὰ τὸ βλέπειν αὐτὸν ὅτι ἡμεῖς
ἀγαπῶμεν αὐτὸν
Jesus will rejoice because he sees that we love him
Infinitive
 εἰς
(accusative) – in order that
εἰς τὸ βλέπειν αὐτόν
In order that he sees
καθίζω ἐν ἐκκλελσίᾳ εἰς τὸ ἀκούειν με τὸν λόγον τοῦ θεοῦ
I sit in church in order that I might hear the word of God
 πρός (accusative) – in order that
πρός τὸ βλέπειν αύτόν
In order that he sees
κηρύσσομεν τὸν εὐαγγέλιον πρὸς τὸ βλέψαι ὑμᾶς τὴν
ἀλήθειαν
We preach the gospel so that you may see the truth
Infinitive
Temporal infinitive
 πρό (genitive)
– before [indicating time]
πρό τοῦ βλέπειν αὐτόν
Before he sees
ὁ Ἰησοῦς ἠγάπησεν ἡμᾶς πρό τοῦ γνῶναι ἡμᾶς αὐτόν
Jesus loved us before we knew him
 ἐν (dative) – when/while [indicating time]
ἐν τῷ βλέπειν
When he sees
ὁ κύριος κρινεῖ ἡμᾶς ἐν τῷ ἔρχεσθαι αὐτὸν πάλιν
The Lord will judge us when he comes back
Infinitive
 μετά (accusative)
– after [indicating time]
μετὰ τὸ βλέπειν αὐτόν
After he sees
μετὰ τὸ βλέψαι τὸν Ἰησοῦν τοὺς ἁμαρτωλούς ἔκλαυσε
After Jesus saw the sinners he cried
 Tips
for translating articular infinitive
 Remember
the key words associated with each preposition
when used with articular infinitive
 Use the phrase “the act of”
e.g. διὰ τὸ βλέπειν αὐτόν means “Because the act of seeing
with reference to him”  Because he sees
Infinitive
(d) Infinitive that expresses purpose “in order that”
 Three ways to express purpose with infinitive
(i) Articular infinitive preceded by εἰς or πρός
(ii) The articular infinitive w/ article in genitive (no preposition)
Ἡρῳδης ζητεῖν τὸ παιδίον τοῦ ἀπολέσται αὐτό
Herod is searching for the child to destroy him
(iii) The infinitive all by itself [w/o prep. or article]
Μὴ νομίσητε ὅτι ἦλθον καταλῦσαι τὸν νόμον
Do not think that I came to abolish the Law
Infinitive
(e) ὥστε followed infinitive can indicate result
 Translate
infinitive with finite [‘regular’] verb
ἔπλησαν ἀμφότερα τὰ πλοῖα ὥστε βυθίζεσθαι αὐτά.
They filled both boats so full that they began to sink
 Often
difficult to differentiate b/w “purpose” and
“result”
Infinitive

Practice
 Parsing

and warm-up p. 133
Homework
 P.
134 no: 6-7, 9-10