Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download The Socio-Cultural Perspective
Document related concepts
Transcript
Exam outline The SocioCultural Level of Analysis Mr. Freeman Learning Objectives – 1.3 Discuss how and why particular research methods are used at the socio-cultural level of analysis Naturalistic vs. lab- based With socio-cultural, observation is key rather than experimentation Observation develops theories, that lab experiments can test Learning Objectives – 1.4 Discuss ethical considerations related to research studies at the sociocultural level of analysis Overt/covert observations (Zimbardo) Deception (Asch) Harm to individuals (Zimbardo) See last slides for details Learning Objectives – 2.1 Describe the role of situational and dispositional factors in explaining behaviour Fundamental Attribution error: people overestimate the role of disposition Actor-Observer: “actors” attribute events to situation; observers, to “disposition” Learning Objectives – 2.2 Discuss two errors in attribution Fundamental Attribution Error – more likely to attribute to disposition Self-Serving Bias – more likely to perceive one’s own actions as just Learning Objectives – 2.3 Evaluate social identity theory Tajfel’s SIT – personality is a composite of social categorizations BBC Prisoner Study – criticisms of Zimbardo and Milgram Learning Objectives – 2.4 Explain the formation of stereotypes and their effect and behaviour Social categorization – different groups Illusory correlation – overestimate the connection between variables Stereotype threats – explicit or implicit, based on false assumptions Learning Objectives – 3.1 Explain social learning theory Bandura’s “Bobo Doll” study Children, and humans, imitate behaviors they observe from others Learning Objectives – 3.2 Discuss the use of compliance techniques Cialdini’s 6 principles of compliance Authority Social Proof Learning Objectives – 3.3 Evaluate research on conformity to group norms Asch – Group think; people tend to conform to a group in order to feel accepted Moscovici – Minority Influence; a consistent, vocal minority will sway opinion more than group pull Learning Objectives – 3.4 Discuss factors influencing conformity Group size – large group, more likely Unanimity – more likely Self-esteem – lower, more likely Minority influence – more vocal, less likely to conform Culture – Western Cultures less likely to conform Learning Objectives – 4.1 Define the terms “culture” and “cultural norms” Culture: a set of shared attitudes, values, goals, and practices that characterizes a group Cultural Norms: the expected behaviors and cues within a society or group Learning Objectives – 4.2 Examine the role of two cultural dimensions on behavior Individualism vs. collectivism: individualist cultures are less likely to conform, and are more prideful Time vs. consciousness: with age, acceptance of cultural norms can either increase or decrease Learning Objectives – 4.3 Using one or more examples, explain “emic” and “etic” concepts Emic: observations or analysis important to individuals in a culture; subjective characteristics Etic: observations or analysis important to psychologists; objective characteristics Important Studies Albert Bandura The “Bobo Doll” experiment – 1961 Children will imitate behaviors that they observer Example of observational learning Important Studies Philip Zimbardo The “Stanford Prison Guard” experiment – 1972 People will eventually adapt to take on roles they play Example of cognitive dissonance Important Studies Solomon Asch The “Conformity Experiments” – 1950s People are more likely to conform to group beliefs even if they disagree with them Example of group conformity Important Studies Stanley Milgram “Obedience” experiments – 1961 People will obey the directions of those percieved to be legitimate authority figures Example of compliance, depersonalization, foot-in-the-door Important Studies studies Was raised in social isolation Example of how participant observations can skew data, as no concrete tests were ever effectively performed; psychologists were legal guardians “Genie”
