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Haematology and The Lymphatic System Functions of Blood Transport oxygen, nutrients, hormones and enzymes to body cells Carry waste away from body cells Protect body against fluid loss through clotting mechanism Protect against infection What is blood made up of? 1.Plasma Is a straw coloured liquid Consists of water, proteins, and the following types of blood cells Types of blood cells Erythrocytes Are Red Blood Cells (RBC) Contain hemoglobin – pigment that contains iron and carries oxygen Transports oxygen and carbon dioxide i Types of blood cells cont’d Leucocytes Are white blood cells (WBC) Fight against infection and inflammation Neutrophils, Eosiniphils, Basophils lymphocytes, Monocytes are types of leucocytes Neutrophils swallow and destroy bacteria This is known as phagocytosis Types of blood cells cont’d Thrombocytes Are also called platelets Are responsible for blood clotting Blood clotting Process of blood thickening and forming a gel Is called coagulation Gel is called a clot Clotting prevents blood loss when a blood vessel is ruptured Haemrrohage Occurs when blood doesn’t clot quickly enough Some drugs are used to prevent and treat clotting or thrombosis by blocking the clotting mechanism These drugs are called antocoagulants e.g. Heparin Thrombosis Is a clot in an unbroken blood vessel Is due to blood clotting too easily Haemopoiesis –(poiesis means formation) Process by which blood cells are formed & occurs in Bone marrow (myeloid tissue) –Erythrocytes (RBC), some leucocytes (WBC), & platelets Lymphoid tissue – produces some leucocytes Production occurs in spleen, tonsils, &lymph nodes Word Components Root Combining form haem haem/o Meaning erythr erythr/o red blood cell reticul reticul/o young erythrocyte leuc leuc/o, leuk/o white blood cell myel myel/o bone marrow blood Act 1,2 Blood grouping Erythrocytes contain special proteins (agglutinations) that determines our blood group ABO group Rh group ABO grouping Type A = 41% of population Type B = 10% of population Type AB = 4% of population Type O = 45% of population Rh grouping Rh + Rh – In blood transfusions both recipient &donor must match in ABO grouping And also Rh grouping Words and word Components -aemia/aem condition of blood -blast immature germ cell blast/o early, growth, germ cyt, cyt/o cell ferr/o iron fer/o to carry haem/o blood hist/o tissue leuc/o white megal/o large Words and word Components myel/o bone marrow -osis abnormal condition, disease, or increase paenia decrease, deficiency phage (phagia) to eat -plasm substance to form poikil/o varies, irregular -poiesis formation -poly morph many ser/o serum sider/o iron forms or shapes Disorders & Terms Anaemia Haemaphilia haemorrhage decrease in the numbers of erythrocytes or haemoglobin together with erythrocytes unable to carry oxygen efficiently congenital disease, lack of clotting factors (Factor8) bleeding Hodgkin’s disease malignant disease of lymph nodes hypersplenism enlarged spleen leucocytosis increase in leucocytes in blood & blood marrow Disorders leukaemia increase in white blood cells.Cancer of the blood multiple myeloma malignant disease of bone marrow pernicious anaemia polycythaemia reduction of vitamin B12 in red blood cells of bone marrow abnormal increase in red blood cells.can lead to thrombosis and haemorrhaging septicaemia splenomegaly blood poisoning enlarged spleen splenorrhexis rupture of the spleen thalassaemia hereditary blood disease, adnormality in the production of haemoglobin Procedures autologous transfusion transfusion from self biopsy of lymph node removal o fpart of plmph node for examination bone marrow transplant splenectomy implantation of bone marrow from person to person removal of the spleen Abbreviations ALL Acute lymphocytic leukaemia AML Acute Myeloid Leukaemia ESR Erythrocyte sedimentation rate FBC Full Blood Count Hb haemoglobin Hct haematocrit LFT liver function tests Na sodium Abbreviations RBC red blood cell TFT thyroid function tests WBC white blood cell Haematology Terms haemodialysis removal of wastes from blood haemoglobin oxygen carrying pigment of blood haemopoiesis production of blood cells myelopoiesis production of bone marrow plasma fluid component o fblood platelet thrombocyte serum, fluid that separates from blood dyscrasia abnormal state of body or body part Haematology Terms lymphocytopaenia decrease of white blood cells leucocytosis increase of leucocytes leucopaenia decrease in WBC lymphocytosis increase in lymphocytes macrocytosis abnormally large red blood cells poikilocytosis abnormally shaped erythrocytes pyrexia fever thrombocytopaenia reduction in platelets Lymphatic System Consists of Capillaries Vessels Ducts Nodes Responsible for Transporting lymph that is formed from tissue fluid Functions of Lymphatic System Protection from infection - nodes filter microorganisms (bacteria) in the lymph fluid Transportation of lymphocytes which help body fight infection support immune response Transportation of lipids Transportation of excess tissue fluid back into the bloodstream Act 1 Lymphatic Organs Spleen – destroys old RBC, stores blood, filters blood, plays a part in immune response Adenoids & tonsils – thought to play part in formation of lymphocytes & antibodies Thymus – controls development of immune system Lymph nodes, Lymphocytes and macrophages Lymph nodes contain lymphocytes and macrophages These cells destroy bacteria by ingesting (swallowing) it During infection lymphocytes& macrophages multiply rapidly causing lymph nodes to swell & be painful Word parts Word root Lymphaden Combining Meaning form lymphaden/o lymph node or gland Lymphangi lymphangi/o lymph duct or vessel Splen splen/o Spleen. Act 2 Immunity – Disease protection Antigen – foreign body substance that causes formation of an antibody to fight against it Antibody - substance that can destroy antigens that have entered the body Word parts Word root Combining form Meaning Ser ser/o serum. the clear portion of and liquid formed when blood clots. used for antibodies Py py/o pus serum investigations can lead a patient to being negative or positive for the presence of a particular antibody Pus Liquid made up of proteins, tissue fluids containing bacteria, & leucocytes Formed in response to infection Immune response Identification & destruction of anything that is foreign i.e antigens Includes transplanted organs or body cells that have changed their form e.g. malignant cells Immune response to infection Lymph gland swell FBC (Full Blood Count) will show increase in WBC ( white blood cells) Lymph glands and FBC returns to normal when bacteria or microorganisms are destroyed Immune response to infection Lymphocytes become memory cells and respond rapidly if exposed to the same organism again This is the basis of immunity Conditions of Lymphatic System Tonsillitis Glandular fever lymphangitis lymphoedema inflammation of the tonsils due to bacterial or viral infection infectious disease caused by a virus affecting lymph nodes of neck, armpits & groin inflammation of lymph vessels ghross enlargement o fskin & underlying tissues caused by obstrucution of the lymph vessels.This prevents drainage of the ly ph from surrounding tissues Abbreviations AIDS Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome ALL Acute Lymphocytic Leukaemia CLL Chronic Lymphocytic Leukaemia Ig immunoglobulin T&A tonsills and adenoids TLD thoracic lymph duct
