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CHAPTER SEVEN Abbasid Decline and the Spread of Islamic Civilization to South and Southeast Asia World Civilizations, The Global Experience AP* Edition, 5th Edition Stearns/Adas/Schwartz/Gilbert *AP and Advanced Placement are registered trademarks of The College Entrance Examination Board, which was not involved in the production of, and does not endorse, this product. Copyright 2007, Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Longman Chapter 7: Abbasid Decline and the Spread of Islamic Civilization to South and Southeast Asia Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007 Chapter 7: Abbasid Decline and the Spread of Islamic Civilization to South and Southeast Asia I. Desert and Town: The Pre-Islamic Arabian World B. Marriage and Family in Pre-Islamic Arabia Women have important roles – The enjoyed greater freedom and higher status then they did in the Byzantine or Persian Empires. Bedouins – Arabic camel Nomadic peoples. Most significant group in shaping the development of Islam. Leaders of the bedouin clans were called shaykhs. Polygyny – A man marries more than one woman. Polyandry – A woman marries more than one man. Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007 Chapter 7: Abbasid Decline and the Spread of Islamic Civilization to South and Southeast Asia Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007 Chapter 7: Abbasid Decline and the Spread of Islamic Civilization to South and Southeast Asia Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007 Chapter 7: Abbasid Decline and the Spread of Islamic Civilization to South and Southeast Asia C. Poet and Neglected Gods Animism - Is a philosophical, religious or spiritual idea that souls or spirits exist not only in humans but also in animals. Polytheism - The belief of multiple deities. The nature of the pre-Islamic religion included both animism and polytheism. Artisans - were freed men who owned their own tools and who formed guild like organizations to negotiate wages. Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007 Chapter 7: Abbasid Decline and the Spread of Islamic Civilization to South and Southeast Asia Arabia and Surrounding Area Before and During the Time of Muhammad Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007 Chapter 7: Abbasid Decline and the Spread of Islamic Civilization to South and Southeast Asia II. The Life of Muhammad and the Genesis of Islam Banu Hasim clan - was a clan in the Quraish tribe. Muhammad, was a member of this clan. Muhammad/Mohammed – Abu al-qasim Muhammad ibn Abd Allah ibn al-Muttalib ibn Hashim. Mecca – City in Saudi Arabia where Muhammad was born and is now the holy city for Muslins. It had been a holy city for pagans. Khadijah – widow of a wealthy merchant who Muhammad married. Revelations, 610 First year in which Muhammad received revelations via Gabriel. Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007 Chapter 7: Abbasid Decline and the Spread of Islamic Civilization to South and Southeast Asia A.Persecution, Flight, and Victory B. Ka’ba gods threatened – Umayyad’s were angry because the new faith was a challenge to the traditional gods of the Ka’ba. A.Invited to Medina, 622 – He left with a very small group of followers. A.Hijra – Very important event - Beginning of the Muslim calendar B. Return to Mecca, 629 Muhammad’s teachings in regard to other faiths – He taught that both Christian and Jewish revelations were valid but that his own were a final refinement and reformulation of earlier ones. Muslims call Christians and Jews “People of the Book” Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007 Chapter 7: Abbasid Decline and the Spread of Islamic Civilization to South and Southeast Asia B. Arabs and Islam Umma - The term comes from a word that simply means 'people'. But in the Koran/Quran, the word is used to indicates a group of people that are a part of a divine plan and salvation. C. Universal Elements in Islam - Islam means “submission” 5 Pillars 1) Acceptance of Islam 2) Prayer – 5 times per day 3) Fasting during Ramada from sunup until sundown 4) Payment of zakat – Alms 5) Hajj – Make a pilgrimage to Mecca at least once. Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007 Chapter 7: Abbasid Decline and the Spread of Islamic Civilization to South and Southeast Asia Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007 Chapter 7: Abbasid Decline and the Spread of Islamic Civilization to South and Southeast Asia • III. The Arab Empire of the Umayyads • Death, 632 – After Muhammad’s death many Bedouin tribes renounced Islam. Succession struggle – Successors to Muhammad are called Caliphs. A. Consolidation and Division in the Islamic Community Abu Bakr – Sunni – Father-in-Law and Friend of Muhammad. Ali ibn Abi Talib – Shi’a (Shiite) - Cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad. Ridda Wars - Wars to defeat rival prophets and restore the unity of Islam. Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007 Chapter 7: Abbasid Decline and the Spread of Islamic Civilization to South and Southeast Asia Muslim Caliphates Rashidan – 632-661 Umayyads – 7th-8th Centuries Caliphates of Hispania (Roman name for Iberian Peninsula.) Abbasid – 8th-13th centuries. Fatimids 10th-12th centuries Ayyubid Mamluk 13th-16th centuries Ottoman 16th-20th centuries Soloto 19th century Ahmadiyya 1908- present Khilafat Movement 1920 Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007 Chapter 7: Abbasid Decline and the Spread of Islamic Civilization to South and Southeast Asia Rashidun Caliphate 632-661 Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007 Chapter 7: Abbasid Decline and the Spread of Islamic Civilization to South and Southeast Asia Umayyad Caliphate 7th -8th Centuries Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007 Chapter 7: Abbasid Decline and the Spread of Islamic Civilization to South and Southeast Asia Abbasid Caliphate 8th -13th Centuries Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007 Chapter 7: Abbasid Decline and the Spread of Islamic Civilization to South and Southeast Asia Fatimid Caliphate 10th–12th centuries Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007 Chapter 7: Abbasid Decline and the Spread of Islamic Civilization to South and Southeast Asia Ayyubid Caliphate Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007 Chapter 7: Abbasid Decline and the Spread of Islamic Civilization to South and Southeast Asia Mamluk Sultanate 13th-16th Centuries Began in Northern Iraq from freed slaves who converted to Islam. Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007 Chapter 7: Abbasid Decline and the Spread of Islamic Civilization to South and Southeast Asia Ottoman Empire 16th -20th Centuries Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007 Chapter 7: Abbasid Decline and the Spread of Islamic Civilization to South and Southeast Asia Sokoto Caliphate Rule 19th Century N. Nigeria. Started in 1809 by Usman dan Fodio and ended by the British in 1903. Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007 Chapter 7: Abbasid Decline and the Spread of Islamic Civilization to South and Southeast Asia Ahmadiyya – Word wide today. Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007 Chapter 7: Abbasid Decline and the Spread of Islamic Civilization to South and Southeast Asia Khilafat Movement 1919-1924 Islamic movement in India to influence the British colonial government. Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007 Chapter 7: Abbasid Decline and the Spread of Islamic Civilization to South and Southeast Asia I. The Islamic Heartlands in the Middle and Late Abbasid Eras II. Two groups emerged from the conflict over succession Sunnis – Most numerous and the consider themselves the true or orthodox believers. The Muslim usage of this term refers to the sayings and living habits of Muhammad. Shi-a or Shiite – "followers of Ali", fewer members Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007 Chapter 7: Abbasid Decline and the Spread of Islamic Civilization to South and Southeast Asia Abbasid empire weakened, 9th-13th centuries peasant revolts - The only people who didn’t revolt against the Abbasids were the Sunnis. Al-Mahdi (775-785) 3rd Abbasid Caliph. Spent too much time in living a luxurious lifestyle with monumental buildings, dependent wives, concubines, and courtiers. He allowed women to become more involved in daily palace activities and intrigues. Shi-a unreconciled Al-Mahdi appealed to the moderate factions of the Shi’as to support the Abbasid dynasty. Succession of next caliph not secured. Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007 Chapter 7: Abbasid Decline and the Spread of Islamic Civilization to South and Southeast Asia The Expansion of the Islamic Empire During the 7th and 8th Centuries Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007 Chapter 7: Abbasid Decline and the Spread of Islamic Civilization to South and Southeast Asia I. The Islamic Heartlands in the Middle and Late Abbasid Eras A. Imperial Extravagance and Succession Disputes Harun al-Rashid - 5th Abbasid Caliph ruled from 786-809. son of al-Mahdi. Harun Al-Rashid ( Aaron the Upright, Aaron the Just, Aaron the Rightly guided) The Thousand and One Nights – series of stories in which alRashid is a central figure of a few. Barmakides (royal Persian family) patrons of the sciences, which greatly helped the propagation of Indian science and scholarship Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007 Chapter 7: Abbasid Decline and the Spread of Islamic Civilization to South and Southeast Asia al-Ma'mun - was an Abbasid caliph who reigned from 813 until his death in 833. The Abbasid caliphate was founded by the descendants of the Muhammad’s youngest uncle, Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib in 750 A.D. and shifted its capital in 762 to Baghdad. B. Imperial Breakdown and Agrarian Disorder Civil unrest Peasants were paying taxes and building public works. Caliphs build lavishly tax burden increases agriculture suffers The Abbasids were constantly looking for new sources of slaves, both male and female for concubines and domestic service. Unfortunately in the Abbasid period the idea of a harem was introduced causing a degradation of the role of women. Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007 Chapter 7: Abbasid Decline and the Spread of Islamic Civilization to South and Southeast Asia The Abbasid Empire at Its Peak Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007 Chapter 7: Abbasid Decline and the Spread of Islamic Civilization to South and Southeast Asia - B. Motives for Arab Conquest Conversions – The Arabs wanted to get people to convert to Islam. Non-Arab converts are called mawali. Booty – They wanted whatever loot they could take from other people. C. Weaknesses of the Adversary Empires Sassanian Empire Zoroastrianism Dynasty ended, 651 Byzantium (Turkey) – Eastern Roman Empire. Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007 Chapter 7: Abbasid Decline and the Spread of Islamic Civilization to South and Southeast Asia Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007 Chapter 7: Abbasid Decline and the Spread of Islamic Civilization to South and Southeast Asia Muslim/Arabic names: Ibn = “son of” bint = “daughter of” Ali ibn Amr = Ali son of Amr Aba or Abi = “father of” ibn Abihi = “son of his father” if parentage is unknown. Sa’d ibn Ubada = Sa’d son of Ubada Abdallah ibn Abd al-Rahman = Abdallah son of Abd al-Rahman Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007 Chapter 7: Abbasid Decline and the Spread of Islamic Civilization to South and Southeast Asia Arabic terms »al = “the” »al-Jazirah = the island »Al = family name »Al Sa’ud Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007 Chapter 7: Abbasid Decline and the Spread of Islamic Civilization to South and Southeast Asia II. An Age of Learning and Artistic Refinements Urban growth Merchants thrive A. The Full Flowering of Persian Literature Persian the court language administration, literature Arabic in religion, law, sciences Calligraphy Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007 Chapter 7: Abbasid Decline and the Spread of Islamic Civilization to South and Southeast Asia Firdawsi – Hakim Abu’l-Qasim Firdawsi Tusi Shah-Nama – (book of kings) A written history of Persia from creation to the Islamic conquests. tells the mythical and historical past of (Greater) Iran from the creation of the world up until the Islamic conquest of Persia in the 7th century. Sa'di - Abū-Muḥammad Muṣliḥ al-Dīn bin Abdallāh Shīrāzī One of the best known writers of everyday events. Omar Kayyan - A Persian philosopher, mathematician, astronomer, and poet. He also wrote treatises on mechanics, geography, mineralogy, music, climatology, and theology. Rubaiyat – Poems by Omar Khayyam translated by Edward Fitzgerald. Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007 Chapter 7: Abbasid Decline and the Spread of Islamic Civilization to South and Southeast Asia II. An Age of Learning and Artistic Refinements B. Achievements in the Sciences Math build on Greek work Chemistry experiments Al-Razi - Abu Bakr Mohammad Ibn Zakariya al-Razi (864-930 A.D.) Scientist who developed a method of classifying all material substances into three categories: animal, vegetable, and mineral. Al-Biruni – Was able to calculate the specific weight of 18 major minerals. Is one of the major figures of Islamic mathematics. He contributed to astronomy, mathematics, physics, medicine and history. Medicine Hospitals – Cairo had the best hospitals in the world. Courses of study – Doctors and pharmacists had to follow a specific course of study. Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007 Chapter 7: Abbasid Decline and the Spread of Islamic Civilization to South and Southeast Asia Muslim traders • Introduced many basic machines and ideas: »Papermaking »Silk-weaving »Ceramic firing »Maps Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007 Chapter 7: Abbasid Decline and the Spread of Islamic Civilization to South and Southeast Asia Uluma/Ulama (either is correct) Ulama are Muslim legal scholars and they were increasingly suspicious of nonMuslims. They did not agree with Muslims borrowing from ancient Greeks because they were tied to the aggressive Europeans. Al-Ghazali – Was an Islamic theologian who tried to fuse ideas of the ancient Greeks with the Quran. Sufi – A movement that tried to connect and impersonal and abstract Allah with the real world. Some sufis (sufi priests) used asceticism, meditation, songs, drugs, and/or dancing to connect with Allah. Were instrumental in spreading Islam. Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007 Chapter 7: Abbasid Decline and the Spread of Islamic Civilization to South and Southeast Asia Mongols Early 13th century – New threat to the Abbasid Empire. Chinggis Khan (Genghis Khan, Temujin) First raided in the 1220’s and then entered the Turko-Persian kingdoms. In the 1250’s Temujins grandson Hulegu invaded and sacked Baghdad. The 37th and last Abbasid caliph was put to death by the Mongols. Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007 Chapter 7: Abbasid Decline and the Spread of Islamic Civilization to South and Southeast Asia III. The Coming of Islam to South Asia – Because Islam came to Southeast Asia from India and was spread by Sufi holy men, it developed a mystical nature that incorporated much of indigenous religion. The Sufi mystics and traders were most responsible for converting many Indians to Islam By 1200, Muslims rule much of north, central Conflict between two different systems Hindu religion v. Muslim monotheism Muslim egalitarianism v. Indian caste system Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007 Chapter 7: Abbasid Decline and the Spread of Islamic Civilization to South and Southeast Asia The Spread of Islam, 10th-16th Centuries Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007 Chapter 7: Abbasid Decline and the Spread of Islamic Civilization to South and Southeast Asia III. The Coming of Islam to South Asia A. Political Divisions and the First Muslim Invasions First Muslims as traders, 8th century attacks lead to invasion Muhammad ibn Qasim - a Umayyad general who, at the age of 17, began the conquest of the Sindh and Punjab regions along the Indus River (now a part of Pakistan) for the Umayyad Caliphate. Indians treated as dhimmi - Status of the people of the book and minorities under Islamic rule. B. Indian Influences on Islamic Civilization Math, medicine, music, astronomy India influences Arab Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007 Chapter 7: Abbasid Decline and the Spread of Islamic Civilization to South and Southeast Asia III. The Coming of Islam to South Asia C. From Booty to Empire: The Second Wave of Muslim Invasions 10th century, Turkish dynasty established in Afghanistan Mahmud of Ghazni – descendant of a Turkish slave dynasty from Afghanistan who led a series of expeditions beginning in 962 into India to seize booty in the eleventh century. Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007 Chapter 7: Abbasid Decline and the Spread of Islamic Civilization to South and Southeast Asia Muhammad of Ghur - Sultan Shahāb-ud-Din Muhammad Ghori. was a ruler of the Ghurid dynasty who reigned over a territory spanning present-day Afghanistan, Pakistan and northern India. He was assassinated in 1206 Qutb-ud-Din Aibak – Lieutenant of Ghur who seized power, established a kingdom in India with the capital at Delhi. Not an extension of a Middle Eastern kingdom, but a separate empire. Delhi sultanate rules for 300 years D. Patterns of Conversion Converts especially among Buddhists, lower castes, untouchables also conversion to escape taxes Muslims fleeing Mongols, 13th, 14th centuries Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007 Chapter 7: Abbasid Decline and the Spread of Islamic Civilization to South and Southeast Asia Gangetic Plain – After Ganges River Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007 Chapter 7: Abbasid Decline and the Spread of Islamic Civilization to South and Southeast Asia III. The Coming of Islam to South Asia E. Patterns of Accommodation High-caste Hindus remain apart – Islam offered no higher status. Muslims also often fail to integrate The difference between Islam and Hinduism is that Islam stressed the egalitarianism of all believers, while Hinduism embraced a caste-based social system. Muslims in India often adopted Hindu customs such as marrying women at earlier ages (as young as 9) and chewing pan (limestone wrapped in betel leaves) and sati (burning widows on husbands funeral pyre. Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007 Chapter 7: Abbasid Decline and the Spread of Islamic Civilization to South and Southeast Asia F. Islamic Challenge and Hindu Revival Bhakti - is religious devotion in the form of active involvement of a devotee in worship of the divine. Within monotheistic Hinduism, it is the love felt by the worshipper towards the personal God, a concept expressed in Hindu theology as Svayam Bhagavan. devotional cults - Hindu’s dealt with the threat of Islam by putting greater emphasis on the Bhaktic cults of gods and goddesses such as Shiva, Vishnu, Kali. caste distinctions dissolved Mira Bai - Meerabai was an aristocratic Hindu mystical woman singer and devotee of Lord Krishna Kabir – Muslim weaver who said all paths could lead to spiritual fulfilment. Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007 Chapter 7: Abbasid Decline and the Spread of Islamic Civilization to South and Southeast Asia devotional cults - Hindu’s dealt with the threat of Islam by putting greater emphasis on the Bhaktic cults of gods and goddesses such as Shiva, Vishnu, Kali. caste distinctions dissolved Mira Bai – (Meerabai) - was an aristocratic Hindu mystical singer and devotee of Lord Krishna. Kabir - was a mystic poet and saint of India, whose writings have greatly influenced the Bhakti movement . The name Kabir comes from Arabic al-Kabīr which means 'The Great' - the 37th name of God in Islam. (There are supposedly at least 99 names for God, maybe more) songs in regional languages Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007 Chapter 7: Abbasid Decline and the Spread of Islamic Civilization to South and Southeast Asia G. Stand-off: The Muslim Presence in India at the End of the Sultanate Period Brahmins v. ulama - separate communities Uluma - educated class of Muslim legal scholars engaged in the several fields of Islamic studies. ulama stressed in increasingly restrictive conservatism within Islam, particularly with respect to scientific inquiry. Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007 Chapter 7: Abbasid Decline and the Spread of Islamic Civilization to South and Southeast Asia D. New Waves of Nomadic Invasions and the End of the Caliphate Mongols Chinggis Khan – Chagatai - is an extinct Turkic language which was once widely spoken in Central Asia, and remained the shared literary language there until the early twentieth century. It was also spoken by the early Mughal rulers in the Indian subcontinent. Hulegu Khan – For the head of the Chagatai khanate 1258, Baghdad falls - After the Mongol invasion Baghdad was replaced as a capital by Cairo in the east and then by Istanbul to the North. last Abbasid killed After 1206 the capital of the Islamic kingdom was established at Delhi on the Gangetic plain. Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007 Chapter 7: Abbasid Decline and the Spread of Islamic Civilization to South and Southeast Asia C. Religious Trends and the New Push for Expansion Sufis mysticism – The Sufi movement incorporated mysticism with a trend toward evangelism. Ulama conservative against outside influence Greek philosophy rejected Qur'an sufficient Al-Ghazali synthesis of Greek, Qur'anic ideas opposed by orthodoxy Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007 Chapter 7: Abbasid Decline and the Spread of Islamic Civilization to South and Southeast Asia IV. The Spread of Islam to Southeast Asia Shrivijaya - was a powerful ancient thalassocratic Malay empire based on the island of Sumatra, modern day Indonesia, which influenced much of Southeast Asia. . Trading Contacts and Conversion Trading leads to peaceful conversion Sufis important – they were effective missionaries in India subcontinent because they shared much with Indian mystics and wandering ascetics. starting with Sumatran ports Malacca thence to Malaya, Sumatra, Demak (Java) Coastal cities especially receptive Buddhist elites, but population converts to Islam Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007 Chapter 7: Abbasid Decline and the Spread of Islamic Civilization to South and Southeast Asia B. Sufi Mystics and the Nature of Southeast Asian Islam Important mystical strain Women in a stronger position matrilineal Jerusalem was capture by Christian crusaders in 1099. Saladin – Muslim leader who was responsible for the reconquest of most of the territories belonging to the Christian crusaders. The fall of Acre which was the last crusader stronghold was in 1291. Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007 Chapter 7: Abbasid Decline and the Spread of Islamic Civilization to South and Southeast Asia The Taj Mahal - "crown of palaces“, is a white marble mausoleum located in Agra, India. It was built in 1631by Mughal emperor Shah Jahan in memory of his third wife, Mumtaz Mahal who died giving birth to their 14th child. The Taj Mahal is widely recognized as "the jewel of Muslim art in India and one of the universally admired masterpieces of the world's heritage. Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007