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CHAPTER SEVEN
Abbasid Decline and the Spread of Islamic Civilization
to South and Southeast Asia
World Civilizations, The Global Experience
AP* Edition, 5th Edition
Stearns/Adas/Schwartz/Gilbert
*AP and Advanced Placement are registered trademarks of The College Entrance Examination Board,
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Copyright 2007, Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Longman
Chapter 7: Abbasid Decline and the Spread of Islamic Civilization to South and Southeast Asia
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Chapter 7: Abbasid Decline and the Spread of Islamic Civilization to South and Southeast Asia
I. Desert and Town: The Pre-Islamic Arabian World
B. Marriage and Family in Pre-Islamic Arabia
Women have important roles – The enjoyed greater freedom and
higher status then they did in the
Byzantine or Persian Empires.
Bedouins – Arabic camel Nomadic peoples. Most significant group in
shaping the development of Islam.
Leaders of the bedouin clans were called shaykhs.
Polygyny – A man marries more than one woman.
Polyandry – A woman marries more than one man.
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Chapter 7: Abbasid Decline and the Spread of Islamic Civilization to South and Southeast Asia
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Chapter 7: Abbasid Decline and the Spread of Islamic Civilization to South and Southeast Asia
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Chapter 7: Abbasid Decline and the Spread of Islamic Civilization to South and Southeast Asia
C. Poet and Neglected Gods
Animism - Is a philosophical, religious or spiritual idea that souls or
spirits exist not only in humans but also in animals.
Polytheism - The belief of multiple deities.
The nature of the pre-Islamic religion included both animism and
polytheism.
Artisans - were freed men who owned their own tools and who formed
guild like organizations to negotiate wages.
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Chapter 7: Abbasid Decline and the Spread of Islamic Civilization to South and Southeast Asia
Arabia and Surrounding Area
Before and During the Time of Muhammad
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Chapter 7: Abbasid Decline and the Spread of Islamic Civilization to South and Southeast Asia
II. The Life of Muhammad and the Genesis of Islam
Banu Hasim clan - was a clan in the Quraish tribe. Muhammad, was a
member of this clan.
Muhammad/Mohammed – Abu al-qasim Muhammad ibn Abd Allah ibn
al-Muttalib ibn Hashim.
Mecca – City in Saudi Arabia where Muhammad was born and is now
the holy city for Muslins. It had been a holy city for pagans.
Khadijah – widow of a wealthy merchant who Muhammad married.
Revelations, 610 First year in which Muhammad received revelations via
Gabriel.
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Chapter 7: Abbasid Decline and the Spread of Islamic Civilization to South and Southeast Asia
A.Persecution, Flight, and Victory
B. Ka’ba gods threatened – Umayyad’s were angry because the new
faith was a challenge to the traditional
gods of the Ka’ba.
A.Invited to Medina, 622 – He left with a very small group of followers.
A.Hijra – Very important event - Beginning of the Muslim calendar
B. Return to Mecca, 629
Muhammad’s teachings in regard to other faiths – He taught that both
Christian and Jewish revelations were valid but that his own were a final
refinement and reformulation of earlier ones.
Muslims call Christians and Jews “People of the Book”
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Chapter 7: Abbasid Decline and the Spread of Islamic Civilization to South and Southeast Asia
B. Arabs and Islam
Umma - The term comes from a word that simply means 'people'.
But in the Koran/Quran, the word is used to indicates a
group of people that are a part of a divine plan and
salvation.
C. Universal Elements in Islam - Islam means “submission”
5 Pillars
1) Acceptance of Islam
2) Prayer – 5 times per day
3) Fasting during Ramada from sunup until sundown
4) Payment of zakat – Alms
5) Hajj – Make a pilgrimage to Mecca at least once.
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Chapter 7: Abbasid Decline and the Spread of Islamic Civilization to South and Southeast Asia
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Chapter 7: Abbasid Decline and the Spread of Islamic Civilization to South and Southeast Asia
• III. The Arab Empire of the Umayyads
•
Death, 632 – After Muhammad’s death many Bedouin tribes
renounced Islam.
Succession struggle – Successors to Muhammad are called Caliphs.
A.
Consolidation and Division in the Islamic Community
Abu Bakr – Sunni – Father-in-Law and Friend of Muhammad.
Ali ibn Abi Talib – Shi’a (Shiite) - Cousin and son-in-law of
Muhammad.
Ridda Wars - Wars to defeat rival prophets and restore the unity of
Islam.
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Chapter 7: Abbasid Decline and the Spread of Islamic Civilization to South and Southeast Asia
Muslim Caliphates
Rashidan – 632-661
Umayyads – 7th-8th Centuries Caliphates of Hispania (Roman name for
Iberian Peninsula.)
Abbasid – 8th-13th centuries.
Fatimids 10th-12th centuries
Ayyubid
Mamluk 13th-16th centuries
Ottoman 16th-20th centuries
Soloto 19th century
Ahmadiyya 1908- present
Khilafat Movement 1920
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Chapter 7: Abbasid Decline and the Spread of Islamic Civilization to South and Southeast Asia
Rashidun Caliphate 632-661
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Chapter 7: Abbasid Decline and the Spread of Islamic Civilization to South and Southeast Asia
Umayyad Caliphate
7th -8th Centuries
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Chapter 7: Abbasid Decline and the Spread of Islamic Civilization to South and Southeast Asia
Abbasid Caliphate
8th -13th Centuries
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Chapter 7: Abbasid Decline and the Spread of Islamic Civilization to South and Southeast Asia
Fatimid Caliphate
10th–12th centuries
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Chapter 7: Abbasid Decline and the Spread of Islamic Civilization to South and Southeast Asia
Ayyubid Caliphate
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Chapter 7: Abbasid Decline and the Spread of Islamic Civilization to South and Southeast Asia
Mamluk Sultanate
13th-16th Centuries
Began in Northern Iraq from freed slaves who converted to Islam.
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Ottoman Empire
16th -20th Centuries
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Chapter 7: Abbasid Decline and the Spread of Islamic Civilization to South and Southeast Asia
Sokoto Caliphate Rule
19th Century N. Nigeria.
Started in 1809 by Usman dan Fodio and ended by
the British in 1903.
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Ahmadiyya – Word wide today.
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Chapter 7: Abbasid Decline and the Spread of Islamic Civilization to South and Southeast Asia
Khilafat Movement
1919-1924
Islamic movement in India to
influence the British colonial
government.
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Chapter 7: Abbasid Decline and the Spread of Islamic Civilization to South and Southeast Asia
I.
The Islamic Heartlands in the Middle and Late Abbasid
Eras
II. Two groups emerged from the conflict over succession
Sunnis – Most numerous and the consider themselves the
true or orthodox believers. The Muslim usage of
this term refers to the sayings and living habits
of Muhammad.
Shi-a or Shiite – "followers of Ali", fewer members
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Abbasid empire weakened, 9th-13th centuries
peasant revolts - The only people who didn’t revolt against the Abbasids
were the Sunnis.
Al-Mahdi (775-785) 3rd Abbasid Caliph. Spent too much time in living a
luxurious lifestyle with monumental buildings, dependent wives,
concubines, and courtiers.
He allowed women to become more involved in daily palace activities
and intrigues.
Shi-a unreconciled
Al-Mahdi appealed to the moderate factions of the Shi’as to support the
Abbasid dynasty.
Succession of next caliph not secured.
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The Expansion of the Islamic Empire During the 7th and 8th
Centuries
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Chapter 7: Abbasid Decline and the Spread of Islamic Civilization to South and Southeast Asia
I. The Islamic Heartlands in the Middle and Late Abbasid Eras
A. Imperial Extravagance and Succession Disputes
Harun al-Rashid - 5th Abbasid Caliph ruled from 786-809.
son of al-Mahdi.
Harun Al-Rashid ( Aaron the Upright, Aaron the Just, Aaron the Rightly
guided)
The Thousand and One Nights – series of stories in which alRashid is a central figure of a few.
Barmakides (royal Persian family) patrons of
the sciences, which greatly helped the
propagation of Indian science and scholarship
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al-Ma'mun - was an Abbasid caliph who reigned from 813
until his death in 833. The Abbasid caliphate was
founded by the descendants of the Muhammad’s
youngest uncle, Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib in 750
A.D. and shifted its capital in 762 to Baghdad.
B. Imperial Breakdown and Agrarian Disorder
Civil unrest Peasants were paying taxes and building public
works.
Caliphs build lavishly
tax burden increases
agriculture suffers
The Abbasids were constantly looking for new sources of slaves,
both male and female for concubines and domestic service.
Unfortunately in the Abbasid period the idea of a harem was
introduced causing a degradation of the role of women.
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The Abbasid Empire at Its Peak
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Chapter 7: Abbasid Decline and the Spread of Islamic Civilization to South and Southeast Asia
- B. Motives for Arab Conquest
Conversions – The Arabs wanted to get people to convert to
Islam.
Non-Arab converts are called mawali.
Booty – They wanted whatever loot they could take from other people.
C. Weaknesses of the Adversary Empires
Sassanian Empire
Zoroastrianism
Dynasty ended, 651
Byzantium (Turkey) – Eastern Roman Empire.
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Chapter 7: Abbasid Decline and the Spread of Islamic Civilization to South and Southeast Asia
Muslim/Arabic names:
Ibn = “son of”
bint = “daughter of”
Ali ibn Amr = Ali son of Amr
Aba or Abi = “father of”
ibn Abihi = “son of his father” if parentage is unknown.
Sa’d ibn Ubada = Sa’d son of Ubada
Abdallah ibn Abd al-Rahman = Abdallah son of Abd al-Rahman
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Arabic terms
»al = “the”
»al-Jazirah = the island
»Al = family name
»Al Sa’ud
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Chapter 7: Abbasid Decline and the Spread of Islamic Civilization to South and Southeast Asia
II. An Age of Learning and Artistic Refinements
Urban growth
Merchants thrive
A. The Full Flowering of Persian Literature
Persian the court language
administration, literature
Arabic in religion, law, sciences
Calligraphy
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Firdawsi – Hakim Abu’l-Qasim Firdawsi Tusi
Shah-Nama – (book of kings) A written history of Persia from creation to
the Islamic conquests.
tells the mythical and historical past of (Greater) Iran from the creation
of the world up until the Islamic conquest of Persia in the 7th century.
Sa'di - Abū-Muḥammad Muṣliḥ al-Dīn bin Abdallāh Shīrāzī
One of the best known writers of everyday events.
Omar Kayyan - A Persian philosopher, mathematician, astronomer, and poet.
He also wrote treatises on mechanics, geography, mineralogy,
music, climatology, and theology.
Rubaiyat – Poems by Omar Khayyam translated by Edward
Fitzgerald.
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II. An Age of Learning and Artistic Refinements
B. Achievements in the Sciences
Math
build on Greek work
Chemistry
experiments
Al-Razi - Abu Bakr Mohammad Ibn Zakariya al-Razi (864-930 A.D.)
Scientist who developed a method of classifying all material substances
into three categories: animal, vegetable, and mineral.
Al-Biruni – Was able to calculate the specific weight of 18 major minerals. Is one of
the major figures of Islamic mathematics. He contributed to astronomy,
mathematics, physics, medicine and history.
Medicine
Hospitals – Cairo had the best hospitals in the world.
Courses of study – Doctors and pharmacists had to follow a specific course of study.
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Chapter 7: Abbasid Decline and the Spread of Islamic Civilization to South and Southeast Asia
Muslim traders
• Introduced many basic machines and ideas:
»Papermaking
»Silk-weaving
»Ceramic firing
»Maps
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Uluma/Ulama (either is correct)
Ulama are Muslim legal scholars and they were increasingly suspicious of nonMuslims.
They did not agree with Muslims borrowing from ancient Greeks because they were
tied to the aggressive Europeans.
Al-Ghazali – Was an Islamic theologian who tried to fuse ideas of the ancient Greeks
with the Quran.
Sufi – A movement that tried to connect and impersonal and abstract Allah with
the real world.
Some sufis (sufi priests) used asceticism, meditation, songs, drugs, and/or dancing
to connect with Allah. Were instrumental in spreading Islam.
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Mongols
Early 13th century – New threat to the Abbasid Empire.
Chinggis Khan (Genghis Khan, Temujin) First raided in the 1220’s and
then entered the Turko-Persian kingdoms.
In the 1250’s Temujins grandson Hulegu invaded and sacked Baghdad.
The 37th and last Abbasid caliph was put to death by the Mongols.
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Chapter 7: Abbasid Decline and the Spread of Islamic Civilization to South and Southeast Asia
III. The Coming of Islam to South Asia – Because Islam came to
Southeast Asia from India and was spread by Sufi holy men, it developed
a mystical nature that incorporated much of indigenous religion.
The Sufi mystics and traders were most responsible for converting many
Indians to Islam
By 1200, Muslims rule much of north, central
Conflict between two different systems
Hindu religion v. Muslim monotheism
Muslim egalitarianism v. Indian caste system
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The Spread of Islam, 10th-16th Centuries
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Chapter 7: Abbasid Decline and the Spread of Islamic Civilization to South and Southeast Asia
III. The Coming of Islam to South Asia
A. Political Divisions and the First Muslim Invasions
First Muslims as traders, 8th century
attacks lead to invasion
Muhammad ibn Qasim - a Umayyad general who, at the age of 17, began the
conquest of the Sindh and Punjab regions along the
Indus River (now a part of Pakistan) for the Umayyad
Caliphate.
Indians treated as dhimmi - Status of the people of the book and minorities under
Islamic rule.
B. Indian Influences on Islamic Civilization
Math, medicine, music, astronomy
India influences Arab
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III. The Coming of Islam to South Asia
C. From Booty to Empire: The Second Wave of Muslim Invasions
10th century, Turkish dynasty established in Afghanistan
Mahmud of Ghazni – descendant of a Turkish slave dynasty from
Afghanistan who led a series of expeditions
beginning in 962 into India to seize booty in the
eleventh century.
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Muhammad of Ghur - Sultan Shahāb-ud-Din Muhammad Ghori. was a ruler
of the Ghurid dynasty who reigned over a territory
spanning present-day Afghanistan, Pakistan and northern
India. He was assassinated in 1206
Qutb-ud-Din Aibak – Lieutenant of Ghur who seized power, established
a kingdom in India with the capital at Delhi. Not
an extension of a Middle Eastern kingdom, but a
separate empire.
Delhi sultanate rules for 300 years
D. Patterns of Conversion
Converts especially among Buddhists, lower castes, untouchables
also conversion to escape taxes
Muslims fleeing Mongols, 13th, 14th centuries
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Gangetic Plain – After Ganges River
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III. The Coming of Islam to South Asia
E. Patterns of Accommodation
High-caste Hindus remain apart – Islam offered no higher status.
Muslims also often fail to integrate
The difference between Islam and Hinduism is that Islam stressed the
egalitarianism of all believers, while Hinduism embraced a caste-based
social system.
Muslims in India often adopted Hindu customs such as marrying women
at earlier ages (as young as 9) and chewing pan (limestone wrapped in
betel leaves) and sati (burning widows on husbands funeral pyre.
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F. Islamic Challenge and Hindu Revival
Bhakti - is religious devotion in the form of active involvement of a
devotee in worship of the divine. Within monotheistic
Hinduism, it is the love felt by the worshipper towards the
personal God, a concept expressed in Hindu theology as
Svayam Bhagavan.
devotional cults - Hindu’s dealt with the threat of Islam by putting
greater emphasis on the Bhaktic cults of gods
and goddesses such as Shiva, Vishnu, Kali.
caste distinctions dissolved
Mira Bai - Meerabai was an aristocratic Hindu mystical woman singer and
devotee of Lord Krishna Kabir – Muslim weaver who said all paths could lead to spiritual
fulfilment.
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Chapter 7: Abbasid Decline and the Spread of Islamic Civilization to South and Southeast Asia
devotional cults - Hindu’s dealt with the threat of Islam by putting
greater emphasis on the Bhaktic cults of gods
and goddesses such as Shiva, Vishnu, Kali.
caste distinctions dissolved
Mira Bai – (Meerabai) - was an aristocratic Hindu mystical
singer and devotee of Lord Krishna.
Kabir - was a mystic poet and saint of India, whose writings have
greatly influenced the Bhakti movement . The name Kabir
comes from Arabic al-Kabīr which means 'The Great' - the
37th name of God in Islam. (There are supposedly at least
99 names for God, maybe more)
songs in regional languages
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G. Stand-off: The Muslim Presence in India
at the End of the Sultanate Period
Brahmins v. ulama - separate communities
Uluma - educated class of Muslim legal scholars engaged in the several
fields of Islamic studies.
ulama stressed in increasingly restrictive conservatism within Islam,
particularly with respect to scientific inquiry.
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D. New Waves of Nomadic Invasions and the End of the Caliphate
Mongols
Chinggis Khan –
Chagatai - is an extinct Turkic language which was once widely spoken in Central
Asia, and remained the shared literary language there until the early
twentieth century. It was also spoken by the early Mughal rulers in the
Indian subcontinent.
Hulegu Khan – For the head of the Chagatai khanate
1258, Baghdad falls - After the Mongol invasion Baghdad was replaced as a capital by
Cairo in the east and then by Istanbul to the North.
last Abbasid killed
After 1206 the capital of the Islamic kingdom was established at Delhi on the Gangetic
plain.
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Chapter 7: Abbasid Decline and the Spread of Islamic Civilization to South and Southeast Asia
C. Religious Trends and the New Push for Expansion
Sufis
mysticism – The Sufi movement incorporated mysticism with a trend
toward evangelism.
Ulama
conservative
against outside influence
Greek philosophy rejected
Qur'an sufficient
Al-Ghazali
synthesis of Greek, Qur'anic ideas
opposed by orthodoxy
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IV. The Spread of Islam to Southeast Asia
Shrivijaya - was a powerful ancient thalassocratic Malay empire based on the
island of Sumatra, modern day
Indonesia, which influenced much of Southeast Asia.
. Trading Contacts and Conversion
Trading leads to peaceful conversion
Sufis important – they were effective missionaries in India subcontinent because they shared much with Indian
mystics and wandering ascetics.
starting with Sumatran ports
Malacca
thence to Malaya, Sumatra, Demak (Java)
Coastal cities especially receptive
Buddhist elites, but population converts to Islam
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B. Sufi Mystics and the Nature of Southeast Asian Islam
Important mystical strain
Women in a stronger position
matrilineal
Jerusalem was capture by Christian crusaders in 1099.
Saladin – Muslim leader who was responsible for the reconquest of
most of the territories belonging to the Christian crusaders.
The fall of Acre which was the last crusader stronghold was in 1291.
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The Taj Mahal - "crown of palaces“, is a white marble mausoleum located in Agra, India. It
was built in 1631by Mughal emperor Shah Jahan in memory of his third wife, Mumtaz Mahal
who died giving birth to their 14th child. The Taj Mahal is widely recognized as "the jewel of
Muslim art in India and one of the universally admired masterpieces of the world's heritage.
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