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Ch. 9 Cellular Respiration 1. Watch “The Big Picture” (the first section) of the following animation and answer the following questions as you watch. http://www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent/animations/content/c ellularrespiration.html a. Give a brief definition of cellular respiration as described in the first section of the video. b. In the example of the Bison, what is ingested? c. This is used in cells for the process of cellular respiration. What molecule stores the energy produced in cellular respiration and what is this energy used for? d. What molecule does the bison inhale? What molecule does the bison exhale? e. What is the other product of cellular respiration? f. Compare and contrast photosynthesis and cellular respiration in regard to the following: Inputs or reactants: Outputs or products: Energy: Name ________________________________________________ Period ______ Class Notes: g. What are the 3 basic steps of cellular respiration? h. What is the combined function of these three steps of cellular respiration? 2. Watch “Glycolysis” (the second section) of the following animation and answer the following questions as you watch. http://www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent/animations/content/c ellularrespiration.html a. What happens to the molecule of glucose in the process of glycolysis? b. Where in the cell does glycolysis take place? c. What are the two distinct phases of glycolysis? d. How is the “Preparatory Phase” of glycolysis similar to a biker having to ride up a hill before riding down the other side? e. What happens to the molecule of glucose when the 2 ATP molecules each add a phosphate group to it? f. Name the electron carriers that each accepts 2 high-energy electrons and a hydrogen ion from the glucose halves. Class Notes: g. What is the difference between NAD+ and NADH? h. What is glucose broken down into by the end of glycolysis? i. Why does glycolysis net 2 ATP molecules instead of 4? j. What is the net yield of NADH when one glucose molecule undergoes glycolysis? k. NOTE: There are two advantages of glycolysis: (1) the process is very fast even though it only nets 2 ATP from a glucose molecule (2) it can take place without the presence of oxygen. l. If the process stops here, there is a net yield of only 2 ATP. What are the two stages of cellular respiration that give the energy “bang-for-the-food-buck”? 3. Watch “Krebs Cycle” (the 3rd section) of the following animation and answer the following questions: http://www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent/animations/content/c ellularrespiration.html a. Where in the cell does the Krebs Cycle take place? b. When pyruvate molecules enter the Krebs Cycle, they go through several processes to produce 2 ATP and give electrons to two electron carriers. What are these electron carriers? Class Notes: c. What happens to the carbon atoms that were in the original glucose molecule? d. What molecules represent the most energy for the cell at the end of the Krebs Cycle? e. Where do these electron carriers go next and what do they release there? f. These two electron carriers are reverted back to FAD and NAD+ so that they can be recycled and used in the ____________________ ___________________________. g. The Electron Transport Chain absolutely requires oxygen to continue and produce ATP. What happens to the Krebs Cycle if no oxygen is available for the ETC? Why does this occur? h. Aerobic training (exercise) increases the number of mitochondria in muscle cells. Why is this beneficial to athletes? i. Which of the three processes (Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle, Electron Transport Chain) described so far in this video produces the most ATP? Class Notes: (4th 4. Watch the Electron Transport Chain section) of the following animation and answer the questions: http://www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent/animations/content/c ellularrespiration.html a. Where does the electron transport chain reaction take place and why is it essential? b. What are NADH and FADH used for in the electron transport chain? c. Where do the proteins of the electron transport chain reside? (Where can they be found?) d. Why do you think that the inner membrane of the mitochondria has many folds? e. What do NADH and FADH donate to the electron transport chain? f. What occurs as the electrons move through proteins in the electron transport chain? g. What builds up in the intermembrane space of the mitochondria? h. What is a concentration gradient? i. What molecule accepts (snatches) electrons at the end of the electron transport chain and what product is formed? Class Notes: j. When hydrogen ions build up on one side of a membrane they Class Notes: create a concentration gradient called a proton gradient. What is the purpose of the proton gradient in the electron transport chain? k. The protein that produces ATP is the same protein found in the thylakoid membrane of plant chloroplasts. What is the name of this protein? l. What will happen if oxygen is not in the mitochondria to accept electrons? m. Where are NADP and FADP recycled to and why? n. Make a flow chart (like on the animation) that illustrates what occurs in cellular respiration starting with glucose and ending with ATP. o. What is the overall purpose of cellular respiration? p. Give an explanation as to why cyanide is such a deadly poison. Be specific as to what cyanide does in the electron transport chain. 5. Use your textbook to answer the following questions. See the section of Fermentation. a. When does fermentation take place in a cell? b. Fermentation combines two processes, what are they? c. What are the two main types of anaerobic respiration or fermentation? d. What are the reactants and products of alcoholic fermentation? e. What types of organisms undergo alcoholic fermentation? f. What are the reactants and products of lactic acid fermentation? g. What do both alcoholic fermentation and lactic acid fermentation regenerate so that glycolysis can continue? h. Why and where does lactic acid fermentation take place in humans? i. What types of foods can be produced from lactic acid fermentation in prokaryotes?