Download Renaissance and Reformation

What do all of these objects have in common?
Renaissance and Reformation
Objectives
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Learn what the term Renaissance means.
Discuss the advice rulers were getting
during the Renaissance.
The Renaissance
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Renaissance – “Rebirth” – 1300-1600
Was an attempt to bring back cultures of
the past.
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Europe was engulfed in the dark ages.
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Age of New Discoveries
Exploration
 Heliocentric Theory
 Martin Luther
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R.E.B.I.R.T.H.
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R. – Rebirth of Roman and Greek Classics
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Q: What are the classics?
Classics = Ideas of ancient Rome and Greece
Roman Sculptures
Greek Architecture
R.E.B.I.R.T.H.
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E. – Establishment of Italian City-States
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During the middle-ages Italian towns expanded into
independent city-states.
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Rulers encourage new ideas.
By late middle-ages trade flourished in these citystates.
Venice, Genoa, and Pisa control E. Mediterranean
 Florence thrived on manufactured goods and bankers
financed adventures. Florence produced primarily wool
cloth.
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R.E.B.I.R.T.H.
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B. – Birth of the “modern” world
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New wealthy middle-class developed of
merchants and bankers.
MC gained power both economically and
politically.
Had a general concern for education and
individual achievement, supported the arts.
R.E.B.I.R.T.H.
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I. – Italian Artists
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Michelangelo and Da Vinci
R.E.B.I.R.T.H.
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R. – Renaissance spreads
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Italy  Northern Europe (England)
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Why did it spread?
R.E.B.I.R.T.H.
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T. – Theater: Shakespeare wrote plays
and sonnets.
R.E.B.I.R.T.H.
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H. – Humanism – Erasmus and Petrarch
were most famous
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Wanted people to be the best they could be.
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Scholars stressed humanities
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Grammar, Rhetoric, Poetry, History, Arithmetic,
Astronomy, Music
The Renaissance
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Florence – the powerful Medici family gained
wealth and power.
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Lorenzo de’Medici spent his fortune to bring
painters, sculptors, architects, and silversmiths
to Florence to create and make Florence the
center of the Renaissance.
The Renaissance
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Handbooks were created for proper behavior.
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Renaissance writers prepared these manuals
Machiavelli wrote The Prince for city-state rulers,
primarily for Lorenzo de Medici.
“It is much safer to be feared than loved, if one must
choose.”
 Advised rulers to use any methods needed to achieve
their goals.
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Be cunning, diplomatic, and ruthless.
The end justifies the means…
The end justifies the means…
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War on Terrorism
Negative Ads in Campaigns
Heightened security at airports
Invasion of Iraq
Bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
Buying New Clothes
Cheating on tests
Is someone justified in taking action even
when the outcome may be immoral?
The Renaissance
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Renaissance in Northern Europe
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Prospered in Italy and spread to the north.
In North, where feudalism was strong, it spread
throughout the noble class.
Renaissance was more traditional
Rebirth of Classical Texts
 Greek and Roman – people tried to find their faith.
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In Europe and Spain people focused on Christian texts.
Both Renaissances focused on similar goals
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Individual achievement and classical learning.
Study of the Humanities
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Italian city-states took new interest in
education.
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Theology, Law, Medicine of Greece and Rome
Humanists wanted to learn more about the
world.
Rediscover pre-middle-ages knowledge.
 Castiglione believed that an ideal renaissance person
was well rounded with a broad education in many
different areas.
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Italian Humanism
Humanism was based on the study of the Roman
and Greek classics.
The Humanists relied on understanding;
* Rhetoric (writing and speaking)
* Poetry
* Moral philosophy
* History
Colleges today
call these subjects
the HUMANITIES.
PETRARCH: The Father of
Italian Humanism
Italian poet and humanist, who is considered
the first modern poet. His perfection of the
sonnet form later influenced such English
poets as Chaucer, and William Shakespeare.
1304-1374
His wide knowledge of the classical authors and his restoration of
the classical Latin language earned him his reputation as the first
great humanist. He was a great advocate of classical
Latin. This is not unlike your English instructor expecting “regular”
English on essays, not the text messaging English you are
accustomed to using.
Beyond scholars, lawyers and theologians; the
vernacular authors brought literature to the
people with Gutenberg’s assistance!
AUTHOR
LANGUAGE BOOK
OVERVIEW
DANTE
Italian
A souls journey to
paradise/heaven
Divine
Comedy
CHAUCER English
Canterbury Collection of stories
from pilgrims to
Tales
Canterbury
PIZAN
The book
of the City
of Ladies
French
Women have both
intelligence and
conviction
Art and Literature
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Emphasis on realism w/harmony, balance,
and realism.
Donatello – sketched ancient ruins of Rome
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Statue of Hebrew King David
Rejected MA architecture and created
extravagant buildings
Art and Literature
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New techniques
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Three dimensional paintings
Tempera Based Paint
Mixed with watered down egg whites.
 Dried quickly.
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Oil based paints
Dried slowly.
 Easy to blend.
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ARTISTIC RENAISSANCE IN ITALY
Renaissance sculptors and
painters are recognized for
use of the elements of:
1. Imitation of nature
employing perspective, use
of light and geometry
2. Reality of the human body
as subject of paintings
incorporating the idea of
movement.
MASTER ARTISTS OF THE HIGH RENIASSANCE
Fresco as a painting technique was used by the three
icons associated with the high renaissance:
Leonardo da Vinci - Dissected bodies to see muscles
for more realistic portraits and statues.
- Last Supper and Mona Lisa
Raphael - Portraits of the Madonna - idealism beyond
beauty which surpassed human standards.
Michelangelo - The more beautiful the body, the more
godlike the figure. Creator of the Sistine Chapel ceiling.
Leonardo di ser
Piero da Vinci
WORKS OF DAVINCI
1452-1519
The Last Supper
Ermine
Mona Lisa
Legacy
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Only 17 paintings
Notebooks
Drawings of unfinished works
Diverted rivers to prevent
flooding
Principles of turbine
Cartography
Submarine
Flying machine
Parachute
…And much more….
WORKS OF RAPHAEL
Raphael 1483 - 1520
Michelangelo:
Sistine
Chapel Angels
Modern day
Reference:
Cupids
School of Athens which
exemplifies the rebirth
of interest in
Greek/Roman history.
Madonna
WORKS OF
MICHELANGELO
Michelangelo di
Lodovico
Buonarroti Simoni
1475-1564
Pieta
Ceiling and Walls
Sistine Chapel
Sistine Chapel
David,
Michelangelo,
c. 1501
David
St. Peter’s
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Architect for St.
Peter’s
Paper over Artist
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You, along with your partner, decide which
work you want to write about from any of the
Renaissance artists.
2 Pages – Times New Roman – Double Spaced
Include why the artist made it, the history
behind it, and why it has been studied so
much.
Art and Literature
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Renaissance Writers
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Miguel de Cervantes
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Wrote Don Quixote – Mocked Ideals of Chivalry
Shakespeare
Explore themes of jealousy, ambition, love, and
greed in literature and plays.
 Built “The Globe”
 Was an author, playwright, and actor.
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Art and Literature
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Call for reform from scholars that studied
the Bible.
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Erasmus pointed out the ignorance of the
clergy for their use of pomp and ritual rather
than their teaching of Jesus.
Sir Thomas More
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Wrote Utopia that described the ideal world of
peace, education, and equality.
Changing Patterns of Life
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Introduction of Printing Press
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Hand copying slowly came to an end.
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Paper was invented in the 1300s.
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1455, Johann Gutenberg invented the PP
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Printed books rapidly in all languages.
Invention of Printing by
Johannes Gutenberg (1440)
Printing not entirely new before this time:
Printing, using wood blocks, existed in
Korea (8th Century)
Moveable type cast, 10th Century in China.
Casting type in metal and printing books
(Korea by 15th Century)
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In China, Korea and Japan written language needed
thousands unique characters, each representing a
concept or word. Symbols
The 26-letter alphabet used in Western languages gave
the moveable type such an important place in history of
printing.
The Gutenberg Press cont….
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The type was then placed in a box called a Type case.
Type case had separate compartments for each letter, number and
character.
To compose a page, printer selected letters one at a time and
lined them up in a “composing stick”.
Then using pieces of type with no face on them, spaces between
words were adjusted to justify the line to required length.
The Type Case
Nebraska
- CN
Nebraska - G
Nebraska - TNR
…cont
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Gutenberg modeled his typefaces on the letters
used in handwritten books (imitated the Monks)
This style: “black letter” or “gothic”.
Very popular style in Germany until mid-1940’s.
Black Letter or
Gothic
Social Impact of Gutenberg’s
invention
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Increased the speed of printing and improved accuracy
and reliability in the transmission of texts.
Reduced the price of printed materials making them more
accessible to the masses (free exchange of ideas)
Encouraged the spread of vernacular languages like
German, French, Italian and English (replaces Latin)
Printing allowed a larger audience to read Luther’s German
translation of the Bible.
Accelerated the spread of the Protestant Reformation
Everyday Life
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Nuclear instead of Extended Households.
Demand for products rapidly decreased
from the population decrease because of
the black plague.
People developed new products and foods
until the population began to increase.
Women in the Renaissance
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Little change from Middle Ages
Major role in taking care of the home.
Spinners and Weavers
Powerful queens came to power.
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Isabella of Spain
Elizabeth of England
The Reformation
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There was a need for reform.
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Babylonian Captivity & Great Schism
BC – 1308 – Pope stole – moved to Avignon
 GS – 1378 – Two popes elected – Rome & Avignon
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Rulers in Europe pushed the church out of
political affairs.
The Reformation
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To raise money for church spending and
wars, the church increased the fee for
baptisms, marriages, funerals, and sold
indulgences for forgiveness's for sins.
Christians protested this practice.
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Many were tried and executed for heresy.
Martin Luther
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Devoted his life to faith and teachings.
Originally Luther wanted to question
church practices (indulgences), but the
church would not answer and Luther was
forced to defend his statements.
What did People believe at the
Start of the 16th Century?
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If you died with a dirty Soul you
would go to either Purgatory or
straight to hell.
You had to go to Church and get
the Priest to clean your Soul.
If you died with a clean Soul you
would go to heaven.
What did People believe at the
Start of the 16th Century?
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If you went on a Crusade
or a Pilgrimage you could
earn time out of Purgatory
You could buy a special
letter from the Pope called
an Indulgence which was
like a get out of jail for free
card but for Purgatory.
Who was Martin Luther?
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He could read Latin, Greek and Hebrew.
While comparing the Latin Catholic Bible
with the original Greek & Hebrew he
found that certain parts were incorrectly
translated.
Luther hung his 95 theses on the local
Church door in Wittenburg in 1517. – in
Protest, not to break away from the
Catholic Church
What did Martin Luther Believe?
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You Don’t have to go to
Church to get your soul
cleaned.
The Church is wrong to sell
indulgencies which buy time
out of Purgatory.
Read the Bible in your own
language and not Latin.
Martin Luther
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Printing Press
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Helped Luther’s statements spread quickly and his
followers increased rapidly.
Luther claimed that the Bible and a person’s own
conscience outweighed the authority of the Pope.
In 1520, Pope Leo X excommunicated Luther and
the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V called Luther
before the Imperial Diet and demanded that Luther
withdraw his statements.
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Luther refused and became leader of Protestant Reform.
Luther’s Reforms
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3 Core Ideas for Reform
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God’s was the only one who could grant salvation.
Rejected church ceremony and the authority of
the Pope by stating the Bible was the only guide
of Christians.
Emphasized the role of the individual and urged
them to read and study the Bible themselves.
Impact of Luther’s Reforms
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Luther’s ideas gained widespread support in
Germany and many people sympathized w/
his criticism of the church and resented the
heavy taxes paid to the church.
Townspeople overtook church land
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Established independent churches.
Followers and reformers became known as
Protestants.
Impact of Reform
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Peasants supported Protestants
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Did not want to pay heavy church taxes.
Southern Germany – peasants revolted
100,000 peasants died.
 Luther and followers decided to reject political
revolution.
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1545 – Luther dies.
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½ of Germany joined the reformation.
1547 – Charles V tried to force Protestants out.
Peace of Augsburg
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Officially recognized the split in Christianity
and allowed Princes to choose the religion
w/in their land.
This, however, did not end the conflict that
would continue for hundreds of years b/w
Catholics and Protestants.
Challenges to the Catholic Church
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Switzerland became the center of the
Reformation.
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Ulrich Zwingle established a church that
abolished the Catholic mass, confessions, and
indulgences.
Believed in discipline of individuals and churches
w/o decoration.
Challenges, cont.
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Geneva – John Calvin – est. Calvinists
Believed God alone decided on an afterlife
and believed in predestination or that God
had already chosen who would be saved.
Life of simplicity and hard work.
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Adopted by Netherlands, Scotland, and England.
Challenges, cont.
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Baptist Protestants – Germany
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Infants were too young to be baptized.
Influenced the thinking of other Protestants,
but faced persecution from Catholics and
other Protestants.
Henry VIII
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Catholic – published attacks against Luther.
King of England quarreled with pope over
marriage.
Catherine of Aragon – Married 18 years.
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No Male Heir
Mary Tudor only one that lived past infancy.
Asked for an annulment, but Pope Clement VII
refused.
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Henry resented the Pope.
Henry VIII
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1533, Archbishop of Canterbury annulled the
marriage and Henry married Anne Boleyn
Parliament then recognized the King as the
supreme head of the Church of England by
the AOS of 1534.
England was split between Protestants and
Catholics. If you opposed the Catholic
Church, Henry responded by executing you.
Henry VIII
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Henry closed corrupt Catholic monasteries
and forced 10,000 monks and nuns from their
monasteries.
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He seized the monastery and sold it for profit.
Church of England became known as the Anglican
Church that preserved Catholic traditions, but
allowed priests to marry and translated the
Bible into English.
1547, Henry VIII died leaving behind a turbulent
reign and 6 wonderful wives.
Mary Tudor
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1553 took the throne.
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Wanted England to be Catholic.
Did not accept the Pope.
Elizabethan England
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With the death of Mary, Elizabeth I began a long
and powerful reign that preserved the Protestant
Reformation.
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Elizabeth was an equal opportunity persecutor.
Protestants or Catholics .
Spanish Armada
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World’s greatest naval fleet of warships came to
attack England.
Spanish Armada entered the English Channel. It
met Elizabeth’s fleet led by Francis Drake.
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– Sea Dogs
Spanish Armada
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English got Spanish to break ranks.
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English ships were smaller and faster and quickly
sank many of the Spanish ships.
Spanish set sail for home, but storm sinks more
ships.
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Only ½ of the Spanish Armada made it home.
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Free from threat, Elizabeth’s England prospers.
Elizabethan England
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Renaissance became highly visible in London
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England’s capital city – became largest in World.
Elizabeth died in 1603 and England faced
challenges.
Religious tension caused Pilgrims to leave in 1608.
 New monarch conflicted with the Parliament.
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Life After Elizabeth
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1689 – Parliament wrote Bill of Rights
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Constitutional Monarchy
Ruler bound to laws of constitution.
 BOR served as a model for AR and U.S. Constitution.
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Counter Reformation
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Paul III led reform of the Catholic Church.
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1534-1563
Council of Trent – called for better training of
priests and for reform in church finances and
administration.
Church tried to limit books people could read.
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Created the Index
A Catholic Church
Catholic Church
Clothes worn by Catholic Priest in 16th
Century
Notice the
image of Christ
A Protestant Church
Clothes Worn by Protestant Vicars (Priests)
Protestant Altars
What other changes took place in Protestant
Churches?