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Chapter 15
How Populations Evolve
Active Lecture Questions
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education Inc.
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus is a
bacterium that causes staph infections in
hospitals. How do bacteria gain resistance to an
antibiotic?
1. Treatment with an antibiotic causes the bacteria to
mutate to adapt to the antibiotic.
2. The antibiotic stimulates the growth of bacterial
cells.
3. Some of the bacteria already have a mutation that
confers resistance to the antibiotic, allowing them to
survive and pass on the advantageous gene to their
offspring.
4. The hospital environment causes the bacteria to
mutate.
Biology: Life on Earth, 9e
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education Inc.
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus is a
bacterium that causes staph infections in
hospitals. How do bacteria gain resistance to an
antibiotic?
1. Treatment with an antibiotic causes the bacteria to
mutate to adapt to the antibiotic.
2. The antibiotic stimulates the growth of bacterial
cells.
3. Some of the bacteria already have a mutation that
confers resistance to the antibiotic, allowing them to
survive and pass on the advantageous gene to their
offspring.
4. The hospital environment causes the bacteria to
mutate.
Biology: Life on Earth, 9e
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education Inc.
What is a population?
1. A species and its interaction with its
environment
2. The biotic and abiotic components of an
ecosystem
3. An individual organism and its niche
4. A group of interbreeding individuals that live
in the same place at the same time and have
the capacity to produce fertile offspring
Biology: Life on Earth, 9e
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education Inc.
What is a population?
1. A species and its interaction with its
environment
2. The biotic and abiotic components of an
ecosystem
3. An individual organism and its niche
4. A group of interbreeding individuals that live
in the same place at the same time and have
the capacity to produce fertile offspring
Biology: Life on Earth, 9e
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education Inc.
Order the following from largest to smallest in
size:
1. Gene, chromosome, nucleotide, DNA
molecule
2. Nucleotide, DNA molecule, gene,
chromosome
3. Chromosome, DNA molecule, gene,
nucleotide
4. DNA molecule, chromosome, nucleotide,
gene
Biology: Life on Earth, 9e
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education Inc.
Order the following from largest to smallest in
size:
1. Gene, chromosome, nucleotide, DNA
molecule
2. Nucleotide, DNA molecule, gene,
chromosome
3. Chromosome, DNA molecule, gene,
nucleotide
4. DNA molecule, chromosome, nucleotide,
gene
Biology: Life on Earth, 9e
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education Inc.
How might different versions of the same gene
(alleles) be expressed at the level of the
organism?
1. As identical genotypes
2. As different phenotypes
3. As identical traits
4. As chromatin or a chromosome
Biology: Life on Earth, 9e
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education Inc.
How might different versions of the same gene
(alleles) be expressed at the level of the
organism?
1. As identical genotypes
2. As different phenotypes
3. As identical traits
4. As chromatin or a chromosome
Biology: Life on Earth, 9e
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education Inc.
In beta fish, a single tail is dominant and a
double tail is recessive. In a population of 200
beta fish, 25 fish have a double tail. What is the
recessive allele frequency?
1. 12.5%
2. 25%
3. 50%
4. 75%
Biology: Life on Earth, 9e
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education Inc.
In beta fish, a single tail is dominant and a
double tail is recessive. In a population of 200
beta fish, 25 fish have a double tail. What is the
recessive allele frequency?
1. 12.5%
2. 25%
3. 50%
4. 75%
Biology: Life on Earth, 9e
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education Inc.
Evolutionary change occurs in association with
all of the following except:
1. Mutations.
2. Gene flow.
3. Small population size.
4. Random mating.
Biology: Life on Earth, 9e
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education Inc.
Evolutionary change occurs in association with
all of the following except:
1. Mutations.
2. Gene flow.
3. Small population size.
4. Random mating.
Biology: Life on Earth, 9e
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education Inc.
Why are mutations significant to populations?
1. Mutations produce genetic variation in a population.
If the environment changes, part of the population
will likely survive.
2. Mutations prevent genetic variation in a population.
If the environment changes, part of the population
will likely survive.
3. Mutations select for the most beneficial trait. If the
environment changes, part of the population will
survive.
4. Mutations weed out the weakest individuals in a
population.
Biology: Life on Earth, 9e
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education Inc.
Why are mutations significant to populations?
1. Mutations produce genetic variation in a population.
If the environment changes, part of the population
will likely survive.
2. Mutations prevent genetic variation in a population.
If the environment changes, part of the population
will likely survive.
3. Mutations select for the most beneficial trait. If the
environment changes, part of the population will
survive.
4. Mutations weed out the weakest individuals in a
population.
Biology: Life on Earth, 9e
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education Inc.
Two populations of gorillas, one living in the
mountains and one living in the valley, no longer
mate or exchange alleles in their gene pools.
What can happen?
1. With no gene flow, the two populations will remain
identical with each other.
2. With no gene flow, the two populations may become
so different that they become different species.
3. With no gene flow, each population will have an
increased number of mutations.
4. With no gene flow, the two populations will express
their alleles or show their traits differently.
Biology: Life on Earth, 9e
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education Inc.
Two populations of gorillas, one living in the
mountains and one living in the valley, no longer
mate or exchange alleles in their gene pools.
What can happen?
1. With no gene flow, the two populations will remain
identical with each other.
2. With no gene flow, the two populations may become
so different that they become different species.
3. With no gene flow, each population will have an
increased number of mutations.
4. With no gene flow, the two populations will express
their alleles or show their traits differently.
Biology: Life on Earth, 9e
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education Inc.
Why does genetic drift affect a small population
more than it affects a large population?
1. A small population will be left with more allele
variations.
2. A chance event is more likely to eliminate an
allele from a small population, leaving it with
reduced allelic variation.
3. Genetic drift always kills off small
populations.
4. A small population will experience gene flow.
Biology: Life on Earth, 9e
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education Inc.
Why does genetic drift affect a small population
more than it affects a large population?
1. A small population will be left with more allele
variations.
2. A chance event is more likely to eliminate an
allele from a small population, leaving it with
reduced allelic variation.
3. Genetic drift always kills off small
populations.
4. A small population will experience gene flow.
Biology: Life on Earth, 9e
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education Inc.
Why do many purebred German shepherds,
golden retrievers, and Doberman pinschers have
hip dysplasia and related joint disorders?
1. Breeding is random.
2. Breeding is not random.
3. They are from a small population.
4. They are from a large population.
Biology: Life on Earth, 9e
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education Inc.
Why do many purebred German shepherds,
golden retrievers, and Doberman pinschers have
hip dysplasia and related joint disorders?
1. Breeding is random.
2. Breeding is not random.
3. They are from a small population.
4. They are from a large population.
Biology: Life on Earth, 9e
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education Inc.
Why is natural selection also called “survival of
the fittest”?
1. The strongest organisms will always survive.
2. Those organisms with the most
advantageous traits must mate.
3. Individuals with advantageous traits survive
to pass the traits on to their offspring.
4. There is an origin of the species.
Biology: Life on Earth, 9e
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education Inc.
Why is natural selection also called “survival of
the fittest”?
1. The strongest organisms will always survive.
2. Those organisms with the most
advantageous traits must mate.
3. Individuals with advantageous traits survive
to pass the traits on to their offspring.
4. There is an origin of the species.
Biology: Life on Earth, 9e
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education Inc.
Newts of the genus Taricha are poisonous,
deterring their predators from eating them. The
common garter snake, a predator, has evolved a
resistance to the newt toxins. This situation is an
example of:
1. Competition.
2. Natural selection.
3. Sexual selection.
4. Coevolution.
Biology: Life on Earth, 9e
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education Inc.
Newts of the genus Taricha are poisonous,
deterring their predators from eating them. The
common garter snake, a predator, has evolved a
resistance to the newt toxins. This situation is an
example of:
1. Competition.
2. Natural selection.
3. Sexual selection.
4. Coevolution.
Biology: Life on Earth, 9e
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education Inc.
A farmer uses insecticide but still gets crop
damage. Many of the targeted insects developed
insecticide resistance. What mode of natural
selection has occurred?
1. Directional selection
2. Stabilizing selection
3. Artificial selection
4. Coevolution
Biology: Life on Earth, 9e
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education Inc.
A farmer uses insecticide but still gets crop
damage. Many of the targeted insects developed
insecticide resistance. What mode of natural
selection has occurred?
1. Directional selection
2. Stabilizing selection
3. Artificial selection
4. Coevolution
Biology: Life on Earth, 9e
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education Inc.
In an island population of birds, the large birds
eat the only seeds available, which are large, and
the small birds feed on flower nectar. The
medium-sized birds have a hard time eating both
the seeds and the nectar. What mode of natural
selection has occurred?
1. Directional selection
2. Stabilizing selection
3. Disruptive selection
4. Coevolution
Biology: Life on Earth, 9e
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education Inc.
In an island population of birds, the large birds
eat the only seeds available, which are large, and
the small birds feed on flower nectar. The
medium-sized birds have a hard time eating both
the seeds and the nectar. What mode of natural
selection has occurred?
1. Directional selection
2. Stabilizing selection
3. Disruptive selection
4. Coevolution
Biology: Life on Earth, 9e
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education Inc.
One allele encodes for normal hemoglobin,
forming biconcave red blood cells; another allele
encodes for defective hemoglobin, forming
irregularly shaped red blood cells that cause
sickle-cell anemia. What is the benefit of having
both alleles in a population?
1. Through natural selection, individuals with the
sickle-cell allele will be removed from the gene pool.
2. The different phenotypes produced are favored
under different environmental conditions.
3. Individuals with the sickle-cell allele enjoy an
increased fitness.
4. They provide variation in the population.
Biology: Life on Earth, 9e
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education Inc.
One allele encodes for normal hemoglobin,
forming biconcave red blood cells; another allele
encodes for defective hemoglobin, forming
irregularly shaped red blood cells that cause
sickle-cell anemia. What is the benefit of having
both alleles in a population?
1. Through natural selection, individuals with the
sickle-cell allele will be removed from the gene pool.
2. The different phenotypes produced are favored
under different environmental conditions.
3. Individuals with the sickle-cell allele enjoy an
increased fitness.
4. They provide variation in the population.
Biology: Life on Earth, 9e
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education Inc.
Suppose that 16% of a population exhibits a
recessive phenotype. What does this 16%, as a
decimal, represent in the Hardy-Weinberg
equation?
1. p2
2. 2pq
3. q2
4. p
Biology: Life on Earth, 9e
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education Inc.
Suppose that 16% of a population exhibits a
recessive phenotype. What does this 16%, as a
decimal, represent in the Hardy-Weinberg
equation?
1. p2
2. 2pq
3. q2
4. p
Biology: Life on Earth, 9e
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education Inc.
If q = 0.4 and p = 0.6 for a population, then 2pq =
_____.
1. 0.6
2. 0.24
3. 0.36
4. 0.48
Biology: Life on Earth, 9e
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education Inc.
If q = 0.4 and p = 0.6 for a population, then 2pq =
_____.
1. 0.6
2. 0.24
3. 0.36
4. 0.48
Biology: Life on Earth, 9e
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education Inc.
If q = 0.4, p = 0.6, and 2pq = 0.48 for a
population, then the Hardy-Weinberg equation
must add up to ____.
1. 1
2. 2
3. 3
4. 4
Biology: Life on Earth, 9e
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education Inc.
If q = 0.4, p = 0.6, and 2pq = 0.48 for a
population, then the Hardy-Weinberg equation
must add up to ____.
1. 1
2. 2
3. 3
4. 4
Biology: Life on Earth, 9e
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education Inc.
Suppose that the dishes shown in Step 3 of the
figure contained both streptomycin and
gentamicin. A small group of colonies resulted in
all three dishes in Step 4. Why?
1. All resulting colonies were
resistant to both antibiotics.
2. Some resulting colonies
were resistant to one
antibiotic, but not the other.
3. All bacteria in Step 1 were
resistant to one antibiotic.
4. All bacteria in Step 1 were
resistant to both antibiotics.
Figure 15-3
Biology: Life on Earth, 9e
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education Inc.
Suppose that the dishes shown in Step 3 of the
figure contained both streptomycin and
gentamicin. A small group of colonies resulted in
all three dishes in Step 4. Why?
1. All resulting colonies were
resistant to both antibiotics.
2. Some resulting colonies
were resistant to one
antibiotic, but not the other.
3. All bacteria in Step 1 were
resistant to one antibiotic.
4. All bacteria in Step 1 were
resistant to both antibiotics.
Figure 15-3
Biology: Life on Earth, 9e
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education Inc.