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Transcript
Chapter 10 An Introduction to Ecology Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Ecology study the interaction among organisms and their environment. distinct characters of natural environment that determine which organisms live there. Habitat A group of individuals of the same species that live together, mate with one another and produce offspring Population Different populations of organisms that live in the same place. Community (assemblage) Why assemblage ? 7 Physiological adaptation -- a adaptation not pass to offspring Natural selection -- production of more offspring of the bestadapted individuals in a population Evolutinary adaptation -- acclimination Figure 10.02a Population growth types Figure 10.02b Exponental types Figure 10.03 Population explosion Figure 10.04 Logistic growth types Figure 10.05 Limiting resources Carrying capacity 16 Self regulation -- growth rate decreases as the population increases; limited by environment or organisms themselves Competition Interspecific competition and intraspecific competition competitive exclusive competitive superior 18 Figure 10.06 Resource partitioning (character displacement) Resource partitioning share limited resource coexist generalization and specialization 20 -- the role of a species plays in the community Ecological niche Figure 10.07 Predation Predation Predator Prey Herbivory Carnivore. 23 The most successful predator Catch more food Survive longer Grow faster Produce more offsprings Each generation will be a bit better in capture its food Trade-off between being bigger and grow faster 24 Selection Stabilizing selection: eliminate individuals far from optimal balance Dirctional selection: selection drive towards new optimal balance, when the condition changes (include physical and biological factors) 25 Natural selection favor prey -- More successful at getting away from predator e.g. camouflage Indirect interaction -- one species interact with the 2nd one, affect the third species Trophic cascade -- an effect on one species may flow through an ecosystem Inducible defense Defense mechanism that are used only in response to predator --Both predator and prey evolve Coevolution Pg. 213 Symbosis (live together) Mutualism; facultative symbiosis Cleaning association obligate symbiosis Commensalism parasitism Larval ecology planktonic larvae depend on favorable current to carry them to the right place and right time Figure 10.21 Major Marine Lifestyles and Environment Figure 10.22 Depth difference Figure 10.11 THE FLOW OF ENERGY AND MATERIALS Trophic: nutrition Figure 10.12 Autotrophic and heterotrophic Consumers Primary producers Figure 10.13 Trophic level Food chain Food web -- 5-20%, average on 10% Trophic efficiency Figure 10.14a Pryamid of energy -- less energy available at each level Figure 10.14b Pryamid of number or biomass -- Also fewer individual organisms reach the next level -- Particulate organic matter (POM) -- Detritus -- Dissolved organic matter (DOM) -- Nutrient regeneration 45 Figure 10.15 Primary production Gross and net primary production unit: mgC/m2 Figure 10.16 measurement Primary productivity • Amount of new organisms being produced/ unit time. • unit: mgC/m2/yr 49 Rate depends on light and nutrients 50 Standing stock (crop) Total amount (number) of organism in the area. Standing stock (crop) the difference between standing stock and productivity -- high productivity and low standing stock of phytoplankton in the open ocean pyramid of biomass refers to the productivity, not the standing stock 52 Standing stock of phytoplankton is usually determined by the concentration of chlorophyll Chlorophyll Chlorophyll concentration measurements fluorometer isotopes (14C) 54 Figure 10.17 Satellite imagine Cycles of essential nutrients carbon cycle nitrogen cycle Phosphate cycle 56 Figure 10.18 Carbon cycle -- major source: atmosphere -- photosynthesis, respiration, biogenic sediments Figure 10.19 Nitrogen cycle -- major sources: air, land ( river, fertilizers, sewage, other human sources), fossil fuel Nitrogen fixation • cyanobacteria • human activities produce more fixed nitrogen than natural sources • Artificial sources; -- agricultural fertilizers: directly, human and animal wastes -- cultivation of nitrogen-fixing crop (e.g. legume豆類植物). -- fossil fuel burning. 59 Denitrification • Processes: [NO3-1] [NO2-1] [N2O-1] [NO] [N2]gas • Until recent times, natural nitrogen fixation was balanced by the denitrification; keep global environment more or less constant • More fixed nitrogen is building up with potentially catastrophic consequences 60 Figure 10.20 Phosphate cycle -- Major sources: river (rock weathering, fertilizers, other human sources, major), air (minor) -- One-way flow system -- Chemical precipitation -- Recycle by uplift of marine sediment on land