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Name: World History Chapter 1- Section 4 and 5 Section 4: European Cultures European Society • Crusades- _________ - Pope Urban II launches military to regain the _______________. – Launches _______________ of European society • ____________ Empire- Dominated most of Europe for centuries, until about _________. • ____________________: 500-1400 AD. – Political and economic collapse, trade decline, infrastructure destroyed, no law, no money used. • __________________- a king would give estates to nobles in exchange for their loyalty and military support. – Popular throughout Europe by 1100 – Weak central government, so wars were common; castles built for defense. • The Manorial System – Peasants get: • _______________ – Nobles get: • _______________ • _______________ – ____________- peasants who were bound to the manor and could not leave it without permission • Economy – Bad shape since the ________________________ – Began improving around 1000 – Better plows + horses instead of oxen= ________________________ – More crops = _________________________ • The Church – _________________________ struggled after the fall of Rome – Own set of laws, courts – Disobedience to the church could result in: • ______________________________ • __________________________________ Expanding Horizons • ___________________ brought Western Europe into contact with Eastern Europe and the Middle East (largely _____________) – Demand for luxury goods in the region ________________ – Trade __________________ • As trade increased, many merchants and traders began only accepting ____________ for goods. • This led to the rise of the _______________________________ – ________________ were manufactured in Africa and used as currency during the 1200s • Mongol Empire (_____________)- 1200s – One of the largest empires in history – Integrated Asia's economy – Made trade with Europe _________________ • Mongol Empire _________________ in 1300s • Europe could not trade with _____________________ anymore • They needed a new way to get to China without using roads or trails New States, New Technology • 1300s- Western Europeans began exploring ________________ to China thanks to new technology Strong States Emerge • 1400s and 1500s- _______________________ begins exploring the world – ______________________ was in decline – ________________________ began taxing townspeople and merchants on the profits they earned – Merchants loaned money to _____________________ to ensure a strong economy • Mid 1400s: – _________________ – _________________ – _________________ – _________________ • ________________ was the first to begin exploration The Renaissance Spurs Discoveries • Renaissance- ____________________________________________________________ – Philosophy, geography, mathematics, art – _________________ AD – Triggered a commitment to new learning, rather than blindly accepting the way things were New Technology • Exploration created demand for better ships and reliable navigating equipment – Early 1400s • _____________________- invented by ancient Greeks, refined by Arab navigators – Uses the sun to determine direction, latitude, and local time. • Compass- invented in China • ________________________- triangle shaped. Perfected by Arab traders. Allowed ships to sail against the wind. – Transition from one big sail to multiple smaller sails for speed – Moved rudder from side to the stern for easier steering – ____________________- Portuguese ship, 1400s. Fast, small, very useful. Portuguese Exploration • _________: Henry the Navigator (Prince Henry) set up a center to study astronomy and graphs. – Invited mapmakers, astronomers, and shipbuilders. • _________: Portuguese captains began mapping Africa’s west coast • 1488: _____________________ reached the Cape of Good Hope • 1497: Four ships commanded by ___________________________ sailed from Portugal, around Africa, to India’s SW coast. • Europe found it’s water route to eastern Asia Section 5: Europe Encounters America The Vikings arrive in America • _________________: the first European group to arrive in the Americas. • Longboats • _________________________- 1001 AD • • Group of 35- explored Labrador and Newfoundland Permanent colony failed • Native Americans did not want them there Spain Sends Columbus West A New Geography • By the 1400s, most people knew the world was ________________ • BUT, the best maps of the time only included the Mediterranean, Europe, the Middle East, and Africa’s northern coast • After research of some ancient maps, Europeans finally had a better idea of what eastern _______________ and the _______________________ looked like. Columbus’s Plan • ________________________________- Italian navigator interested in exploring west from Europe to India • King ________________ and Queen _______________ of Spain agreed to fund his journey with hopes that it would bring wealth, empire, and converts to Catholicism The First Voyage • August ____________ • Nina, Pinta, Santa Maria • Believed he had landed in India, but was actually in ___________________ • Called the natives “Indians” because he thought he had reached ________________ • After the Bahamas, he went to Cuba and Hispaniola (Haiti and Dominican Republic) • He thought they were ____________ and mainland ________________ • Columbus’ crew and the natives were equally confused about each other. • Christmas Eve 1492- __________________ struck a reef off of Hispaniola • Columbus left a crew of 40 while he returned home with the other ships Columbus’s Later Voyages • Less than 6 months after he got back to Spain, he left to return to the Hispaniola • November 1493- returned to find that all of his men had been ______________ and their fort was ___________________ • • He abandoned the site and founded the colony of __________________ • Discovered gold, enslaved the native people to mine 1496- Columbus left for Spain. • His brother founded ___________________________, which would become the first capital of the Spanish empire in America • 1498- Columbus returns to South America • Discovers the ________________________ • 1502- Columbus mapped the American Coastline from _____________ to ___________ • By the early 1500s, the _________________ established colonies on Hispaniola, Cuba, Jamaica, and Puerto Rico, and began exploring the mainland. Spain Claims America The Treaty of Tordesillas • Spain wanted to claim ____________________. • Portugal claimed the right to ________________________ • They went to the Pope for a decision • 1493- Pope Alexander VI established the line of ____________________ • • Imaginary vertical line running through the Atlantic Ocean • Everything west belonged to ______________, everything east to ____________ • King John of Portugal did not agree with the placement of the line • This treaty moved the line 1,000 miles west. TWO MAIN RESULTS OF THE TREATY • Confirmed Portugal's right to control the route around ____________ to ___________________ • • Confirmed Spain's claim to new lands in ____________________ However, the line had been moved so far west that a significant portion of Brazil now belonged to ________________ Naming America • 1501- ____________________________ explored the new continent and realized that it could not be India. • 1507- A German scholar named Martin Waldseemuller proposed the new continent be named __________________ for “Amerigo the discoverer.” Continuing Spanish Expeditions • 1513: Juan Ponce de Leon- governor of Puerto Rico- discovered ___________________ • 1513: Vasco de Balboa- first European to reach the American ________________ coast • 1520: Ferdinand Magellan- discovered the southern tip of South America, named the Pacific Ocean. Died in the Philippines, but his crew continued back to Spain. • They were the first known people to _____________________ the globe. • Circumnavigate: _______________________________________ The Columbian Exchange • The series of complex _____________ and ____________________ interactions between Europe and the Americas which began with Columbus’ first voyage. From America to Europe • farming methods, corn, squash, pumpkins, beans, sweet potatoes, tomatoes, chili peppers, peanuts, chocolate, potatoes, tobacco, chewing gum, canoes, snowshoes, hammocks, ponchos, toboggans, parkas, disease From Europe to America • Wheat, oats, barley, rye, rice, coffee, dandelions, onions, bananas, oranges, other citrus fruits, chickens, cattle, pigs, sheep, horses, metalworking, shipbuilding, firearms, influenza, measles, chicken pox, mumps, typhus, smallpox