Download Kingdom Plantae - Central Biology

Kingdom Plantae
Outcomes
 Recognize the role of plants within an
ecozone
 Use plant morphology to communicate
about the role of plants in an ecosystem
 Understand how plants function
including: photosynthesis, respiration,
transpiration, function of root hairs, and
vascular tissue
Kingdom Plantae
 All organisms on Earth depend on the
photosynthetic ability of plants
 Autotrophs capture and store energy
from sunlight in various compounds.
 Heterotrophs use the energy captured
by autotrophs when they consume
plants.
Sec 30-1 Overview of Plants
 Plants all share some characteristics
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All plants are photosynthetic.
All plants are multicellular.
All plants are eukaryotic organisms.
All plants can reproduce sexually.
Adapting to Land
 Land plants had to develop new
structures to replace the
advantages provided by an aquatic
environment.
 The earliest plants needed water
to supply nutrients, for
photosynthesis and for fertilization.
 In a terrestrial environment water
may be scarce, most usable liquid
water exists only in the soil.
 Temperature or climate on land is
more unpredictable and harsher
than in the water which means
greater water loss by transpiration.
Preventing Water Loss
 One early adaption to life
on land is the cuticle
which enabled plants to
conserve water by
slowing evaporation from
the plant’s body
 The cuticle is a waxy,
waterproof layer that
coats the parts of a plant
exposed to air.
Preventing Water Loss
 Since the cuticle also did
not allow CO2 into the leaf,
small openings called
stomata allows for the
exchange of gases
 The stomata open and
close depending upon the
amount of water in the
cells.
Plant Reproduction
 Early land plants needed water for
reproduction, because sperm had to swim
through water to fertilize an egg
 Successful land plants also developed
structures that helped protect reproductive
cells from drying out
 A spore contains a haploid reproductive cell
surrounded by a hard outer wall.
 A seed is an embryo surrounded by a protective
coat.
 Seeds are more effective at dispersal than spores
because:
 They are not as light so do not get lost as easily by the
wind.
 They utilize wind and animals for dispersal
 They provide the offspring with food material known as
endosperm.
Transport of Materials
 Early plants were short because they didn’t need much
support and could not be far from their water source.
 An adaptation for support was development of lignin
which is a hard compound that strengthens cell walls,
enabling cells to support additional weight.
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In addition to support was
the development of special
tissue for the transport of
materials (water and
nutrients) in the plant.
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This special tissue is called
vascular tissue. There are
two types of specialized
tissue that makes up
vascular tissue.
(a) Xylem – carries water and
inorganic nutrients in one
direction, from the roots to
the stems and leaves.
(b) Phloem – carries organic
compounds, in any direction,
depending on the plant’s
needs.
Classifying Plants
 The 12 divisions of plants can be divided into
two groups based on the presence of vascular
tissue. (Table 30-1) – p 4
 The three divisions of nonvascular plants do
not have true vascular tissue nor true roots,
stems, or leaves.
 The nine divisions of vascular plants have
vascular tissue and true roots, stems, and
leaves.
Vascular Plant Classification

Vascular plants can be
divided into two groups
(a) Seedless Plants – the
ferns and their relatives
that reproduce by
spores.
(b) Seed Plants – the
plants that produce
seeds for reproduction.
Vascular Seedless
Psilophyta
Lycophyta
Sphenophyta
Pterophyta
Vascular, Seed
Gymnosperms
Cycadophyta
Ginkgophyta
Coniferophyta
Gnetophyta
Angiosperms
Anthophyta
C - Monocotyledones
C - Dicotyledones
Plant Evolution
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Scientists believe that plants
evolved from multicellular
terrestrial algae
This is supported by the
many structural and
biochemical similarities:
(a) Both have the same
photosynthetic pigments.
(b) Both have cell walls that contain
cellulose
(c) Both develop a cell plate during
cell division.
(d) Both store energy as starch.
Alternation of Generations
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All plants have a life
cycle, called
Alternation of
Generations, that
involves two phases
(a) The first phase consists
of a haploid
gametophyte that
produces eggs and
sperm.
(b) The second phase is a
diploid sporophyte that
produces spores.
Alternation of Generations
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The gametophyte produces
structures that form gametes,
egg and sperm, by mitosis.
Once an egg is fertilized by a
sperm and produces a zygote,
the plant begins the second
phase of its life cycle.
The zygote divides by mitosis
to form a sporophyte plant.
The sporophyte produces
structures that undergo meiosis
to form haploid spores.
These spores are released by
most seedless plants, but are
retained by seed plants.
The life cycle begins again
when the spores divided by
mitosis to form new
gametophytes
Alternation of Generations
 In nonvascular plants, the gametophyte is the
dominant phase.
Alternation of Generations
 In vascular plants the sporophyte phase is the
dominant phase.
Complete
RG & Review 30.1
Sec 30-2 Nonvascular Plants
 The three phyla of
nonvascular plants are
collectively called
BRYOPHYTES
 They lack vascular tissue
and do not form true roots,
stems, or leaves
 These plants usually live on
land near streams and
rivers.
Characteristics of Bryophytes
 Bryophytes are:
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Nonvascular
Seedless
Produce spores
Usually very small
plants (1-2 cm)
 Depend on water for
reproduction
 Do not have true
roots, stems or leaves
Bryophyte Structures
 Instead of roots,
bryophytes have long,
thin strands of cells
called rhizoids that
attach the plant to the
soil.
 They have flat, broad
tissues that function
somewhat like leaves
and are photosynthetic
Division Bryophyta Mosses
 Thick carpet of
moss on the forest
floor
 Each gametophyte
is attached to the
soil by rhizoids
 Usually less than 3
cm tall
Division Bryophyta Mosses
 The moss
sporophyte
is attached
to and
dependent
on the large
gametophyte
Division Bryophyta Mosses
 Gametophytes
maybe male or
female
Division Bryophyta Mosses
Division Bryophyta Mosses
 Mosses are called
pioneer plants
because they are
often the first to
inhabit a barren area
 Mosses help prevent
soil erosion by
covering the soil
surface and
absorbing water
Division Hepatophyta Liverworts
 Liverworts are unusual
looking plant that grow in
moist, shady areas
 They can have a thin
transparent leaf-like
structure on a stem axis
 They could have a
thalloid form, a flat body
that has an upper and
lower surface.
Division Anthocerophyta hornworts
 Hornworts grow in
moist, shaded areas
 They share an
unusual
characteristic with
algae, each cell
usually has a single
large chloroplast
Complete
RG & Review 30.2
Sec 30-3 Vascular Plants
 Vascular plants
contain specialized
conducting tissue
(xylem and phloem)
that transport water
and dissolved
substance from part
of the plant to
another part of the
plant.
Seedless Vascular Plants
 There are four phyla
of seedless vascular
plants
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Psilotophyta
Lycophyta
Sphenophyta
Pterophyta
Division Psilotophyta –
Whisk Fern
 Whisk ferns are not ferns
at all.
 They have no roots or
leaves and produce
spores on the ends of
short branches
 Whisk ferns are
epiphytes, which means
they grow on other
plants but are not
parasites
Division Lycophyta –
Club Mosses
 Club mosses look
like miniature pine
tree, often called
ground pines
 The cone-like
structure, called a
strobilus contains
sporangia-bearing
modified leaves
Division Spenophyta Horsetails
 Horsetails have
jointed
photosynthetic
stems that
contain silica,
with scale-like
leaves at each
joint
Division Pterophyta Ferns
 Ferns have leaves
(called fronds) and
an underground stem
(called a rhizome)
 New leaves of a fern
are called
fiddleheads.
Fern Life Cycle
Vascular Seed Plants
 The mobile sexual
reproductive part of a
seed plant is the
multicellular seed.
 Plants with seeds
have a greater
chance of
reproductive success
than seedless plants.
Vascular Seed Plants
 Inside the tough,
protective coat of a
seed is an embryo
and a nutrient supply
 When conditions
favour growth, the
see sprouts, or
germinates, the
embryo grows into a
seedling
Vascular Seed Plants
 There are two main
groups of seedbearing plants
 Gymnosperms
 Angiosperms
Vascular Seed Plants Gymnosperms
 Gymnosperms have
‘naked seeds’ – the
seeds do not have a
protective covering
 The largest division
of gymnosperms are
the conifers which
produce cones
Vascular Seed Plants Gymnosperms
 A cone is a
specialized
reproductive
structure composed
of hard scales, which
produces seeds
without a fruit.
 Most conifers have
simple needlelike
leaves
Vascular Seed Plants Angiosperms
 Angiosperms produce seeds enclosed and
protected by a fruit
Vascular Seed Plants Angiosperms
 Angiosperms are
referred to as
flowering plants
 All angiosperms
produce flowers and
seeds
 The protective
structure that
contains the seed or
seeds of an
angiosperm is the
fruit.
Vascular Seed Plants
 There are five phyla
of vascular seed
plants
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Cyadophyta
Ginkgophyta
Coniferophyta
Gnetophyta
Anthophyta
Vascular Seed Plants –
Division Cycadophyta
 Cycads are
gymnosperms, that
flourished during the age
of dinosaurs
 Most are native to the
tropics and grow slowly
 Most cycads have fernlike, leathery leaves at
the top of short, thick
trunks
Vascular Seed Plants –
Division Ginkgophyta
 Ginkgoes flourished
during the time of the
dinosaur
 Only one species
survives today
 The ginkgo has fanshaped leaves that fall
from the tree at the end
of each growing season
so are called deciduous
Vascular Seed Plants –
Division Coniferophyta
 The conifers are
the most common
Gymnosperms
 Conifers are
woody plants and
most have
needles as leaves
Vascular Seed Plants –
Division Coniferophyta
 A conifer usually
bears both male
and female cones.
 The male cones
typically grow at
the top of the tree
while the female
cone is below.
Vascular Seed Plants –
Division Gnetophytes
 Gnetophytes are an
odd group of conebearing
Gymnosperms that
have vascular
systems that more
closely resemble
those of
angiosperms
Vascular Seed Plants –
Phylum Anthophyta
(Angiosperms)
 The largest phylum of plants
 Known as flowering plants that produce seeds
from flowers protected by fruit.
Vascular Seed Plants –
Phylum Anthophyta
 A fruit is a ripened
ovary that surrounds
the seeds of
angiosperms.
 The ovary is the
female reproductive
part of the flower that
enclosed the egg.
Vascular Seed Plants –
Phylum Anthophyta
 Angiosperms grow in
many forms and occupy
diverse habitats. Some
are :
 Herbaceous plants with
showy flowers or grasses
 Shrubs with flexible
stems
 Vines with stems that will
wind around objects
 Woody stems that have
very solid stems
Vascular Seed Plants –
Evolution of Angiosperms
 Angiosperms first
appeared in the fossil
record about 135
million years ago.
Several factors led to the
success of angiosperms:
•Seeds germinate and
produce mature plants
•Fruits protect the seeds
and aid in dispersal
•Have a more efficient
vascular system
•Use animal and wind
pollination
•More diverse, occupy
more niches
Vascular Seed Plants –
Phylum Anthophyta Monocots and Dicots
 Angiosperms are
divided into two
classes:
monocotyledones
(monocots) and
dicotyledones
(dicots), by counting
the number of seed
leaves or coytledons,
in the plants embryo
Vascular Seed Plants –
Phylum Anthophyta Monocotyledones
 Angiosperms with only
one cotyledon are called
monocots
 Typical monocot (corn
and grass) has narrow
leaves with parallel veins
called parallel venation
 Flower parts are in
multiples of three
 Vascular tissue bundles
are scattered throughout
the stem
Vascular Seed Plants –
Phylum Anthophyta Dicotyledones
 Angiosperms with two
cotyledons are called
dicots
 Typical dicot (beans and
trees) have broad leaves
with branching veins
called net venation
 Flower parts are in
multiples of four or five
 Vascular tissue bundles
are arranged in rings in
the stem
Vascular Seed Plant’s
Success
 Neither gymnosperms nor
angiosperms depend on an external
source of water for fertilization.
 Fertilization occurs after pollen
grains are transferred from one
plant to another by wind or by
animals
 The evolution of the seed and the
decrease dependence on water
have made the gymnosperm and
angiosperm successful organisms
Activity – Plants around
School
 In small groups, travel around the school to areas you may think
there are plants (Mrs. Connors room, Mr. Rawlyk’s room), take a
picture and then classify the plant based on what you observe,
providing a justification for that classification.
Major things to classify: - Take a picture!
- Is it vascular or nonvascular?
- Is it a seed-bearing Plant?
- If so, is it an Angiosperm or Gymnosperm?
- What division does it likely belong to?
- If it’s an angiosperm, is it a monocot or dicot?