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 A naturally occurring solid made of minerals or
mineral like matter
 Means that a rock can be made of many minerals or just
one mineral. Every mineral is a rock, but not every rock
is a mineral
 Some rocks are made of no minerals
 Example: Coal (made of once living materials)
 Since Earth is a system, then must conclude that the
rocks that make up this Earth are part of this system that
interact with each other in order to make new and
different rock types
 Continuous changing of one rock type into another
rock type
 Three types of rocks in the rock cycle are igneous,
sedimentary, and metamorphic
 ALL OF THESE ROCK TYPES ARE CLASSIFIED BY
THEIR ORIGINS (HOW THEY WERE FORMED)
*** Rocks DO NOT have to complete the
entire circle in order to become other
rocks**
 All power for this cycle comes from the two main
power sources on Earth
 1. Sun  Powers and adds energy for anything on the
surface of the Earth
 Rocks’ processes that are powered by the Sun  Sedimentary
 2. Core  (Sometimes referred to the Earth’s Interior)
Powers and adds energy to anything under the surface of
the Earth
 Rocks’ processes that are powered by the Sun  Igneous and
Metamorphic
 1. Igneous Rocks
 Formed from the cooling or solidification of magma
(which is found underground) or lava (which is found
above ground)
 Characteristics that can be found in an igneous rock are
crystals and holes from air pockets getting trapped in
lava
 Igneous rocks form in three places:
 a. Under or near of a volcano
 b. Very deep underground where the crust melts the
rocks with heat from the core
 c. Bottom of the ocean floor where the plates of the
ocean floor have opened up and allowed material from
the mantle to escape
 Two types of Igneous Rocks
 a. Intrusive Igneous Rocks
 Forms deep underground, cools very slowly, has larger
crystals (coarse texture)
 b. Extrusive Igneous Rocks
 Forms near or on the surface of the Earth, cools very rapidly,
and has holes and/or smaller crystals (fine texture)
 2. Sedimentary Rocks
 > Form from the compaction (pressing together) and
cementation (gluing the pieces together) of small pieces
of rocks called sediments
 Does is matter how big a sediment is? No
 >These are the only type of rock that can hold fossils
which are the once living remains of a living organism
 >Sediments are made from:
 Weathering  Breaking of rocks into smaller pieces
 Erosion  Moving the sediments away
 Deposition  Settling of sediments down
 Sedimentary rocks are found on or near the surface of
the Earth
 Wherever rock is eroded and settles down, you will find
sedimentary rocks
 Characteristics of this rock are grains of sand and silt,
flat layers of sediments, fossils, and trace fossils
(imprints in the rock)
 Metamorphic Rocks
 Form from heat and/or pressure being applied to a hard
rock, and the old rock becomes a new rock with new
properties and characteristics
 Does the rock have to be heated and pressurized in order to
make a metamorphic rock? NO
 Characteristics for this rock will be the banded or
striped appearances that are formed when the rock is
heated and/or pressurized
 Metamorphic rocks are found in zones that are only a
few kilometers below the surface but no further than
that
 What happens to rocks if you go further than a few
kilometers? Melts
 Metamorphic rocks are also found near mountain ranges
because of all the plate movement that is pushing and
compressing the rocks of the mountains together