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THE FURNACE OF CIVIL WAR, 1861-1865 Chapter 21 A Brief War The Union hoped for a quick victory by winning at Bull Run (the First Battle at Bull Run) The Confederacy received reinforcements which caused the Union to retreat Union decided they would need a large, well trained army to defeat the South The Naval War Lincoln wanted to blockade all Confederate ports Blockade runners were still able to smuggle goods past the blockades Confederates were still able to sell cotton for supplies from Britain, which made the Union angry The Seven Days Battle A decisive victory for the Confederates in which Robert E. Lee took command After a series of attacks on General McClellan’s army, Lincoln ordered McClellan to retreat back to D.C. The Second Battle of Bull Run After the Seven Days’ Battle, Lee attacked the Union forces in Washington at the Second Battle of Bull Run and the North retreated again Antietam Lee and Jefferson Davis wanted to invade Maryland so they could take over a Northern state They thought this would force the Union to accept the Confederacy’s independence This was the bloodiest oneday battle in the war Results Lee was forced to retreat to Virginia Lincoln was convinced it was time to end slavery in the South The Emancipation Proclamation Democrats opposed ending slavery and Republicans were split on the issue On September 22, 1862 Lincoln announced he would issue the Emancipation Proclamation freeing all enslaved persons in states still in rebellion after January 1, 1863 The Proclamation changed the purpose of the war from preserving the Union to ending slavery Did NOT free all slaves immediately Kept Great Britain from siding with the South and becoming an ally Emancipation 54th Black Regiment of Massachusetts (Organized by Frederick Douglas) Gettysburg General Lee invades the North. The “High Tide of the Confederacy”. South’s last chance to capture Washington, D.C. The defeat of Lee at Gettysburg would be the last time Lee would invade the North and try to take Washington, D.C. Lee’s retreat at Gettysburg on July 3rd and Grant’s defeat of the South at Vicksburg on July 4th would lead to the eventual surrender of the South by 1865 Gettysburg Address On November 19, 1863, some 15,000 people gathered at Gettysburg to honor the Union soldiers who had died there just four months before President Lincoln delivered a two-minute speech which became known as the Gettysburg Address He reminded people that the Civil War was being fought to preserve a country that upheld the principles of freedom, equality, and self-government The Gettysburg Address has become one of the best-loved and most-quoted speeches in the English language It expresses grief at the terrible cost of war and the importance of preserving the Union Gettysburg Address Four score and seven years ago, our fathers brought forth upon this continent a new nation: conceived in liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal……Now we are engaged in a great civil war. . .testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated. . . can long endure. We are met on a great battlefield of that war….. Gettysburg Address (cont.) We have come to dedicate a portion of that field as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this…But, in a larger sense, we cannot dedicate. . . we cannot consecrate. . we cannot hallow this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here have consecrated it, far above our poor power to add or detract. Gettysburg Address (cont.) The world will little note, nor long remember, what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us. . . Gettysburg Address (cont.) That from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion. That we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain. That this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth. Financing the War Union Tariffs War bonds Income taxes Paper money called “greenback”s Confederacy Wealthy lent over $100 million Foreign aid $15 million Income taxes Paper money A Richmond Diary: October 22, 1863 “A poor woman yesterday applied to a merchant in Carey Street to purchase a barrel of flour. The price he demanded was $70.00. “My God!” exclaimed she, ‘how can I pay such prices?’ I have 7 children; whall shall I do?” “I don’t know, madam,’ said he cooly, ‘unless you eat your children. Change in Union Leadership After Union victories at Vicksburg and Gettysburg, President Lincoln appointed General Grant as the Commanding General of all Union troops Grant commanded the Army of the Potomac in the East and was instructed by Lincoln to force General Lee to surrender Grant appointed his 2nd in command General William T. Sherman to head up the Army of the West It is here that Lincoln, Grant and Sherman devise a new strategy of “total war” or bring the civilian population into the war, destroy the South and free the slaves Total War Tactic of war where the Union marched through the South and destroyed all resources the civilian population needed to survive Goal: To make war as horrible and destructive as possible to force your enemy to surrender Total war brings the civilian population into the war to demoralize the enemy and force them to surrender It is “in your face warfare” or you (South) started this war and until you surrender, we will destroy the you The War in the West Ulysses S. Grant gained control of all of Kentucky and most of western Tennessee At Shiloh, Grant and his troops were attacked by Confederates but after a few attacks were able to force the Confederate troops to retreat Shiloh resulted in 20,000 troops killed or wounded, more than in any other battle up to that point Key Battles in the East DATE BATTLE VICTOR July 1861 Bull Run Manasses South Union retreats to Wash. D.C. June 1862 7 Days South Lee stops McClellan from taking Richmond August 1862 Bull Run South Lee stops John Pope from taking Richmond *Sept. 1862 Antietam Draw McCellan stops Lee from taking Washington, D.C. Lincoln issues Emancipation Proclamation *Turning Point battle RESULT Key Battles in the West DATE BATTLE VICTOR RESULT Feb. 1862 Fort Donelson Union Controlled the Ohio River March 1862 Fort Henry Union Controlled Cumberland River April 1862 Shiloh Union Controlled Tennessee River April 1862 New Orleans Union Controlled mouth of Mississippi July 1863 Vicksburg Union Controlled Mississippi River * split Confederacy in half *Turning Point Battle Grant Versus Lee Grant decided to attack Lee’s forces and move south until Lee surrendered At first, Grant was unable to break through Lee’s line They met cannons, 15 foot trenches, and barricades 20 ft. thick The Fall of Atlanta Sherman moved his troops from Chattanooga to Atlanta, moving around the city and cutting off all roads and railways His troops destroyed the rail lines by heating them and twisting them. They called these “Sherman neckties” Confederate General John B. Hood evacuated Atlanta to avoid being trapped in the city Sherman’s March to the Sea All civilians ordered to leave Atlanta and troops were to destroy everything of military value Fire got out of hand and more than 1/3 of the city burned to the ground On their way to the sea, Sherman’s troops ransacked houses, burned crops, and killed cattle When they reached the coast they moved north to South Carolina who they blamed for starting the war and burned and looted everything in their path Lincoln’s New Hope Lincoln knew his reelection depended on the success of Grant and Sherman When they were successful, he was reelected Lincoln saw reelection as a mandate to end slavery permanently and he helped to pass the 13th Amendment in January 1865 which banned slavery in the US The South Surrenders Lee’s troops became surrounded at the town of Appomattox Courthouse “There is nothing left for me to do but go and see General Grant, and I would rather die a thousand deaths.” Lee surrendered on April 9, 1865 Grant’s terms of surrender were generous and guaranteed that the US would not prosecute Confederate soldiers for treason and the soldiers would be allowed to keep their horses Iraq Persian 2,900 300 Chart: Total Deaths Plans for Lincoln Throughout the winter of 1864–1865, a group of Southern conspirators in Washington, D.C., had plotted to kidnap Lincoln and exchange him for Confederate prisoners of war After several unsuccessful attempts, their leader, John Wilkes Booth, assigned members of his group to assassinate top Union officials Impact on Future Conflicts Expanding battlefield due to new technology Defense is favored fortification Beginnings of trend toward dispersal and increased “individual” combat Shift to Total War Whole government had to be removed for success Civil and military “targets” Sherman’s March to the Sea Lincoln’s Assassination After hearing a speech that Lincoln made about African Americans entering government offices John Wilkes Booth vowed that it would be “the last speech he will ever make” Despite warnings from advisers not to be in public unescorted, Lincoln went with his wife to see a play at Ford’s Theater In the third act, Booth shot Lincoln in the back of the head Booth was shot to death after he fled from the theater and was found hiding in a tobacco barn Lincoln’s funeral train took 14 days to travel from Washington, D.C., to his hometown of Springfield, Illinois Confederate Response "I certainly have no special regard for Mr. Lincoln; but there are a great many men of whose end I would much rather have heard than this. I fear it will be disastrous for our people and I regret it deeply." Jefferson Davis “Our country owed all her troubles to him, and God simply made me the instrument of his punishment.” John Wilkes Booth