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Chapter 22 Notes Life in the Industrial Age Section 1 The Industrial Revolution Spreads By the 1880’s…. Steel had replaced steam as the great symbol of the Industrial Revolution New industrial powers emerged New factories with new sources of energy used new processes for new products New business organizations created giant new companies New Industrial Powers Britain stood alone early on – Tried to enforce strict restrictions against exporting inventions – Belgium introduced spinning machines and became first other European country to industrialize The New Pacesetters – Some countries had more abundant supplies of coal, iron, etc. than Britain Germany, France, United States – Followed Britain’s lead on advancements – Germany unites in 1871 and booms – United States advanced even more rapidly; would lead world in production by 1900 New Industrial Powers Uneven Development – Eastern and Southern Europe were slow to develop because of lack of resources – Russia was slow because of social and political conditions – Japan was able to industrialize without basic resources Impact – Social changes Rapid urbanization – Factory System Produced huge quantities of new goods at lower prices than ever before More people earned more money to buy goods Demand for goods created more jobs – Political Changes Leaders had to meet demands of industrial society – Globally Competition between countries exploded and altered world trade Western powers dominated with technological and economic advantage Technology and Industry - The marriage of science, technology, and industry spurred economic growth Steel – Henry Bessemer: Bessemer process purified iron ore and produced steel – Rapidly became major material used in tools, bridges, and railroads Chemicals – Aspirin, perfumes, soap – Chemical fertilizers increased food production – Alfred Nobel invented dynamite (construction, warfare) Electricity – – – – Replaced steam as dominant source of power Michael Faraday developed first electric motor and the dynamo – Thomas Edison made first electric light bulb Eventually cables carried power from dynamos to factories New Methods of Production – Improved Efficiency Interchangeable parts Assembly line - Technology Speeds Transportation and Communication The Automobile Age Begins – German engineer Nikolaus Otto invented gas-powered internal combustible engine – After several improvements, Daimler introduced first 4-wheel automobile. – Henry Ford developed models that reached 25 mph; used assembly line to mass-produce cars and made U.S. the leader in auto industry Conquest of Air – 1903: Wright brothers designed and flew a flimsy airplane that ushered in the air age – Would be used for reconnaissance during WWI – Commercial passenger travel not until 1920’s Rapid Communication – Samuel Morse: developed telegraph; first telegraph line went from Baltimore and Washington DC (1844) – 1860s: undersea cables relayed messages between Europe and N America – Alexander Graham Bell: patented the telephone – Guglielmo Marconi: invented the radio; would become cornerstone of today’s global communications network New Directions for Business Stock – Rise of Big Business – Large-scale companies such as steel foundries needed so much capital that they sold hundreds of thousands of shares. – These businesses formed giant corporations- Move Toward Monopolies – Powerful business leaders created monopolies and trusts, corporate structures that controlled entire industries or areas of the economy – John D. Rockefeller Bought and oil refinery and built it into the Standard Oil Company Controlled the American petroleum industry – Cartel - New Directions for Business Move Toward Regulation – “Captains of Industry” Pointed out that capitalists invested their wealth in worldwide ventures that employed thousands and added to general prosperity. – “Robber Barons” Any effort to destroy competition damaged the free-enterprise system. – By early 1900s, some governments did move against monopolies and regulate corporations Section 3 Changing Attitudes and Values Rights of Women Temperance Movement – – Argued drinking threatened family life The Suffrage Struggle – Women’s suffrage – Seneca Falls convention of 1848 Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony crusaded against slavery and women’s rights Many critics believed women were too emotional to vote; place was in the home, not the government Some success in Australia, New Zealand, and western territories of U.S. In Europe and rest of U.S. not until after WWI The Darwin Challenge Charles Darwin – Published On the Origin of Species – Argued that all forms of life had evolved into their present state over millions of years Theory of Natural Selection – Members of each species constantly competed to survive. – Natural forces “selected” those with physical traits best adapted to their environment; became known as “survival of the fittest”. – Over time, natural selection would give rise to entirely new species The Darwin Challenge The Darwin Furor – Theory ignited a furious debate between scientists and theologians. – Christians believed the Biblical account of creation was the only true account. – Darwin theory reduced people to the level of animals and undermined belief in God and the soul – Has always been a source of controversy Social Darwinism – Applied the idea of survival of the fittest to war and economic competition – Industrial tycoons were stronger than competition, war weeded out the weak nations, victory was proof of superiority. – Encouraged racism -