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Glossary Reporting Category 1 Affixes: prefixes and suffixes, also known as the word parts Connotations: the suggesting of a meaning by a word apart from the thing it explicitly names or describes Denotations: a direct specific meaning as distinct from an implied or associated idea Prefix: to fix or appoint at the beginning of the word to change its meaning Root: the basic meaning of the word Suffix: an affix occurring at the end of a word, base, or phrase Thesaurus: a book of words or of information about a particular field or set of concepts; a book of words and their synonyms Glossary Reporting Category 2 Alliteration: the repetition of usually initial consonant sounds in two or more neighboring words or syllables Assonance: repetition of vowels without repetition of consonants Character: people or animals depicted in a work of fiction Character Foil: a character who contrasts with other characters Connotation: the suggesting of a meaning by a word apart from the thing it explicitly names or describes Diction: an author’s verbal expression and order of the words Direct Characterization: the author tells you directly what the character is like Essay: type of writing that explores a specific topic Figurative Language: figure of speech used to create specific impressions First Person: pronouns and verbs used to refer to the speaker or writer of the language in which they occur Imagery: use of language to create vivid pictures; appeals to the senses Indirect Characterization: the author provides details that help the reader infer what the character is like Irony: saying the opposite of what is meant Metaphor: comparison between two dissimilar things, not using the words like, resembles or as Narrator: person who tells the story Paradox: contradiction that turns out to be true Persona: a character assumed by an author Personification: giving human qualities to non-human things Point of View: the perspective that shapes what readers learn about characters and events Purpose: a subject under discussion; connected to the point of view Glossary Rhyme: words with the same sound Simile: comparison between two dissimilar things using the words like, resembles or as Glossary Reporting Category 3 Argument: logical defense of a position or claim Audience: readers of the text Bar Graph: data displayed using bars along a vertical or horizontal axis Cause and Effect: explains what happens and why it happens Chronological Order: information or events are in the order in which they happen Compare and Contrast: similarities and differences Conclusion: a reasoned judgment Counterargument: argument against a position Credible: information that is believable Critique: an assessment of what was read that includes your opinion Diagram: parts of something shown in an illustration Expert Opinion: judgment by someone with knowledge in a specific field Expository Text: writing that gives information or explains something Fact: information that can be proven through testing, measurement and observation Inference: decision reached by combining known information with information that is read Infographics: graphics used to interpret information Line Graph: data displayed using lines that go up and down along a vertical or horizontal axis Map: geographic diagram Nonfiction: real people, events, places and issues Opinion: a personal belief, feeling or judgment Order of Importance: information organized by the author that begins with the most important point and ends with the least or vice versa Pie Chart: quantitative information displayed in the form of a pie Glossary Problem and Solution: information organized by the author to present the problem and solution Author’s Purpose: a subject under discussion; connected to the point of view Describe: showing how something looks or what it is like Entertain: amuse readers by sharing something humorous Explain: provide reasons why something happened Express: sharing strong feelings about something Inform: provide information on the topic Persuade: convincing readers of the truth or influence them Reason: a thought, judgment or conclusion Substantiated Opinions: an opinion that can be backed up by evidence to make it likely to be true Summary: short, concise version of what you read; provides important ideas and information Table: list of data displayed in columns and rows Topic: the subject of the text; what the text is about Unsubstantiated Opinions: opinions that are not supported with evidence Valid Opinion: an opinion that is backed up with factual information Glossary Reporting Category 4 Cause and Effect: explains what happens and why it happens Character: people or animals depicted in a work of fiction Chronological Order: information or events are in the order in which they happen Compare and Contrast: similarities and differences Conflict: a struggle between two forces Dialogue: written composition between two or more characters who are conversing Expository Text: writing that gives information or explains something Literary Narrative: an engaging story that includes characters, a plot, settings and themes Narrative: a story that can be either true or false Narrator: person who tells the story Order of Importance: information organized by the author that begins with the most important point and ends with the least or vice versa Plot: pattern of events in a work of fiction Setting: the time, place, and circumstances in which something occurs or develops Spatial Order: ideas used to describe location or arrangement of objects Theme: central idea that the writer wants to convey Glossary Reporting Category 5 Anecdote: short narrative of a humorous, biographical or interesting idea Conclusion: a reasoned judgment Counterargument: argument against a position Fact: information that can be proven through testing, measurement and observation Persuasive Texts: text used to persuade readers to do something or accept a position Thesis: a statement or theory that is written (often in the introduction) and is proven in the body of the text Glossary Reporting Category 6 Adverb: word that modifies a verb, adjective or another adverb Clause: group of words that has a subject and a verb Dependent (Subordinate) Clause: a clause that does not express a complete idea Gerund: a verb ending in –ing that is used as a noun Independent Clause: a clause that expresses a complete thought Infinitive: a verb preceded by to that is used as a noun, an adjective or an adverb Participle: a verb form used as an adjective. Phrase: group of words that does not contain both a subject and a verb