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Bio 4 - Study Guide 4 Chapter 22 – Evolution What is evolution? What is the difference between micro and macroevolution? Who is Darwin? Where did he travel? What did he discover? What was the name of the ship? What was the name of his book? What is speciation? Who is Plato? Cuvier? Catastrophism? Hutton? Gradualism? Lyell? Uniformitarianism? Lamarck? Inheritance of acquired traits? What were the two basic concepts from Darwin’s book. Who was Malthus? What are the 5 statements and three conclusions summing up Darwin’s theory (written by Mayr)? What are the 6 pieces of evidence for evolution? Chapter 23 – Population Genetics What are the 5 agents of microevolution? (genetic drift, bottleneck effect, founder’s effect, gene flow, adaptive evolution, Darwinian fitness, female choice) What are the three types of natural selection? (know graphs and how the environment filters out individuals for each) What is sexual dimorphism? What are the 4 reasons evolution doesn’t make perfect organisms? Summarize the main points of the article, “Ecological and Genetic factors in Conservation: A Cautionary Tale.” What is the smallest unit that can evolve? Why? What is a species? Population? What is microevolution? Know the Hardy-Weinberg equation and how it is used. What are the 5 assumptions? Chapter 24 – The Origin of Species What is a “biological species”? What is a ring species? What are the prezygotic and postzygotic isolating mechanisms? What is allopatric and sympatric speciation? What is adaptive radiation? What is punctuated equilibrium? What is gradualism? Chapter 25 & 26 – Early Earth and the Origin of Life Know the condition of early earth involved in the chemical origin of life (lightening, UV light, etc.). Know the theory of the chemical origin of life. (Be sure you can explain the experiments by Louis Pasteur (spontaneous generation vs. biogenesis), Oparin and Haldane, Miller/Urey, Sydney Fox, RNA, Proteobionts,, ribozymes) Know the geological time scale. Adaptive Radiation, Continental Drift, plate tectonics, Pangaea, Gonwana, Laurasia, K-T boundary. Chapter 50 – Ecology What is ecology? What are the biotic and abiotic factors discussed in class? Community? Ecosystem? Biosphere? Niche? Habitat? Biome? Chap 52 – Population Ecology What is a population? What is density? What are density dependent and density independent factors? What is dispersion? What are the three types of dispersion patterns? Which is the most common? What are the two types of population growth models? What is carrying capacity? What are the two types of opportunistic life histories? What are the characteristics for each? Which is better adapted for an unstable environment? Where do humans fit in? What is ZPG? How can this be achieved? What is the best way to stop many of our environmental problems today? Chapter 53 – Community Ecology What is a community? What is an ecosystem? What are the trophic levels discussed in class. What is an energy pyramid? What is the 10% rule? What is competition (both intraspecific and interspecific)? What is a niche? What is the competitive exclusion principle? What is a predator? What is a prey? Coevolution? Mimicry (batesian and mullerian)? What is a keystone species? What is the keystone predator for this area? What is a symbiotic relationship? (commensalism, mutualism, competition, predation) What is character displacement? Resource partitioning? What is disturbance and how does it affect community structure? What is succession? What is the difference between primary and secondary succession? What is meant by top-down model or bottom up model?