Download Civ IA- PowerPoint text- Lectures 12 and 13 Lecture 12

Civ IA- PowerPoint text- Lectures 12 and 13
Lecture 12- Rome: Crises and Reform
I)
Roman Crises
II)
Reformers
III)
The First Triumvirate
IDs:
Civic religion
optimates
slave revolts
Social Wars
populares
Caius Gracchus
Tiberius Gracchus
Marius
client army
Sulla
March on Rome
Pompey
Crassus
Julius Caesar
Gallic Commentaries
The Rubicon
Images of Empire
American context
Empire vs. Republic
Roman republican influence among the Founding Fathers
Roman Expansion and Internal Pressures
Farmer/Soldier
Farmers in the Republic after 200 BC
Smallholder
Land ownership and citizenship
Good infantry
Problems with extended service
Latifundia and
Tenements
Roman Expansion and Internal Pressures
Farmer/Soldier
Family
Family and Virtue in Public Life
Pompeii, Domus (exterior)
Pompeii, Domus (Interior)
Roman Expansion and Internal Pressures
Farmer/Soldier
Family
Religion
Roman Religion
Roman Expansion and Internal Pressures
Farmer/Soldier
Family
Religion
Government
- optimates
- provincial governors
4 Signs of Strain
Slaves
Problems with Slavery
Increase in number
- c. 2 million by 100 BC
Neglect in latifundia
Revolts
- 135 BC, 104 BC
- 74 BC- Spartacus
4 Signs of Strain
Slaves
Provinces
Attacks on garrisons
Allies (socii)
“Social War” (91-89 BC)
Urban slums:
Optimates and populares (reformers)
II) Reformers
The Gracci:
Tiberius and Caius Gracchus
Tiberius Gracchus (163-133 BC)
Patrician background
Populare
Tribune in Plebian Assembly
Tiberius Gracchus on land reform:
“The wild beasts that roam over Italy have their dens. . . . But the men who fight and die for Italy
enjoy nothing but the air and light; without house or home they wanter about with their wives and
children. . . . They fight and die to protect the wealth and luxury of others; they are styled masters of the
world, and have not a clod of earth they call their own.”
Tiberius Gracchus
Proposed a land commission
Challenged the Senate
Plebian assembly
Expelled the dissenting tribune Octavius
Death of T. Gracchus (133 BC)
Further reforms
Ran for re-election as tribune
Senators killed him and some supporters
Senate concessions
Violent precedent
Caius Gracchus (153-121 BC)
Became tribune in 123 BC
Even more ambitious
Granaries, investigations
Extension of citizenship
Assassinated- lesson for reformers
The Generals: Marius (c. 157-86 BC)
Humble origins
Military success
Consul (107-100 BC)
Ended property requirment for service
- Client Armies
Sulla
(c.138-78 BC)
Social Wars- 91 BC
Another “new man”
Elected consul
Expedition to Asia Minor (88 BC)
Conflict vs. Marius
- Attack on Rome:
-division: officers vs. soldiers
Return and dictatorship (82-79 BC)- proscription
III) First Triumvirate
1st Triumvirate (60 BC)
The Army and the Senate
The First Triumvirate:
Pompey
Crassus
Julius Caesar
Gnaeus Pompey (106-48 BC)
Crassus
Wealthy optimate
Julius Caesar’s father-in-law
Julius Caesar
Became consul (59 BC)
Sent to Gaul with a client army
Military victories
Gallic Commentaries
“Crossing the Rubicon”
Crassus dies- 53 BC
Pompey turns the Senate against Caesar
Senate recalls Caesar from Gaul
Return to Rome
Caesar’s Rise
Julius Caesar and Reform
Extended clemency
Enlarged the Senate
Populares:
Free grain to 320K citizens
Overseas colonies
Land for army veterans
The Roman “Republic” under Caesar
Caesar’s Dictatorship
The Ides of March
•
Lecture 13: The Early Empire
I)
Second Triumvirate
II)
The Principate
III)
Emperors, 14-181 AD
IDs:
Octavian
Marc Antony
Princeps
Augustus
Pax Romana
Praetorian Guard
Aeneid
Tiberius
Caligula
Claudius
Nero
“Year of the 4 Emperors”
Vespasian
Flavian dynasty
bread and circuses
Antonines
•
Caesar’s Dictatorship
•
The Ides of March
•
Octavian
Julius Caesar’s nephew and stepson
Just 18 years old
Named as heir by Julius Caesar
•
Second Triumvirate
Octavian
- Julius Caesar’s nephew and stepson
Marc Antony
- Caesar’s comrade
Lepidus
- Caesar’s deputy
•
Marc Antony’s funeral oration
Friends, Romans, countrymen, lend me your ears;
I come to bury Caesar, not to praise him;
The evil that men do lives after them,
The good is oft interréd with their bones,
So let it be with Caesar….
The noble Brutus
Hath told you Caesar was ambitious:
If it were so, it was a grievous fault,
And grievously hath Caesar answered it….
Here, under leave of Brutus and the rest,
(For Brutus is an honourable man;
So are they all; all honourable men)
Come I to speak in Caesar's funeral….
He was my friend, faithful and just to me:
But Brutus says he was ambitious;
And Brutus is an honourable man….
•
2nd Triumvirate
•
Rule of Octavian/Augustus
Undermines Marc Antony
Elected consul in 31 BC
Victory at Actium (vs. Antony) by 31 BC
Octavian as “Princeps” in 27 BC
- “1st citizen”
Also becomes emperor as “Augustus”- 27 BC
- official end of republic/start of empire
•
II) The Principate
•
The Principate
Political reforms:
Cooperation w/ Senate
Mutual recognition
Popular reforms:
Roman fire department,
police
Military reforms:
Reduced size
Praetorian Guard
•
The Principate
Political reforms:
Cooperation w/ Senate
Mutual recognition
Popular reforms:
Roman fire department,
Military reforms:
police
Reduced size, Praetorian Guard
Main appeal- stability
Pax Romana
•
The Two Caesars:
Augustus:
“I restored, I completed, I built, I gave”
•
“Divine Augustus”
•
Projecting Pax Romana
•
Ara Pacis (Altar of Peace) 9 BC
•
The Principate
Main appeal- Pax Romana
- stability
Social policies
Literary patronage
•
Propertius, Elegies (p. 153)
•
Virgil’s Aeneid
“When I had said this, over my breadth of shoulder
And bent neck, I spread out a lion skin
For tawny cloak and stooped to take his weight.
Then little Iulus put his hand in mine
And came with shorter steps beside his father.
My wife fell in behind.”
-
The Aeneid, Book II lines 936- 942
Revision the origins of Rome (vs. Romulus)
- what’s added, what’s lost?
•
Virgil on Roman destiny (from The Aeneid)
“Others shall plead cases better and others will better
Track the course of the heavens and announce the rising stars.
Remember Romans, your task is to rule the peoples
This will be your art: to teach the habit of peace,
To spare the defeated and subdue the haughty.”
Vs. Ovid
•
III) Emperors, 14-181 AD
•
Julio-Claudian Dynasty
Succession?
Tiberius
Gaius (Caligula)
Claudius
Nero
•
Tiberius
(r. 14-37 AD)
General under Augustus
Divorce and remarriage
“Stern and irascible”
Unhappiness
•
Emperor Gaius (37-41 AD)
Great-grandson of Augustus Caesar
Nicknamed “Caligula”
Cruel and violent
Killed by the Praetorian Guard in 41 AD
Return to a republic?
•
Emperor Claudius (41-54 AD)
Bribed the Praetorian Guard
Eliminated any rivals
Died in 54 AD
•
Emperor Nero
(54-68 AD)
Emperor at 16
Public festivals
Relations with the Senate
Persecution of Christians
Paraniod
Military rebellion in 68 AD
•
69 AD- “The Year of the Four Emperors”
Invasion of Rome from 4 provincial generals
Quick scramble for power
Civic apathy
How are Emperors like the weather?
“We just to wait for bad ones to pass and hope for good ones to appear.” --Tacitus
•
Flavian Dynasty
•
Aqueducts
•
The Pantheon
•
Arch of Titus (81 AD)
•
Frieze from the Arch
•
Trajan’s Column
•
The Coliseum (72-80 AD)
•
Circus Maximus
•
Roman Baths
•
Give the People What they Want:
Bread and Circuses
I chanced to stop in at a midday show, expecting fun, wit, and some relaxation, when men’s eyes take
respite from the slaughter of their fellow men. It was just the reverse. The preceding combats were
merciful by comparison; now all trifling is put aside and it is pure murder. The men have no protective
covering. Their entire bodies are exposed to the blows, and no blow is ever struck in vain. . . .
In the morning men are thrown to the lions and the bears, at noon they are thrown to the spectators.
The spectators call for the slave to be thrown to those who in turn will slay him, and they detain the
victor for another butchering. The outcome for the combatants is death; the first is waged with sword
and fire. This goes on while the arena is free. ‘But one of them was a highway robber, he killed a man!’
Because he killed he deserved to suffer this punishment, granted. . . .‘Kill him! Lash him! Burn him! Why
doesn’t he kill boldly? Why doesn’t he die game? Whip him to meet his wounds! Let them trade blow
for blow, chests bare and within reach!’ And when the show stops for intermission, ‘Let’s have men
killed meanwhile! Let’s not have nothing going on!’