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Download Civ IA- PowerPoint text- Lectures 12 and 13 Lecture 12
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Civ IA- PowerPoint text- Lectures 12 and 13 Lecture 12- Rome: Crises and Reform I) Roman Crises II) Reformers III) The First Triumvirate IDs: Civic religion optimates slave revolts Social Wars populares Caius Gracchus Tiberius Gracchus Marius client army Sulla March on Rome Pompey Crassus Julius Caesar Gallic Commentaries The Rubicon Images of Empire American context Empire vs. Republic Roman republican influence among the Founding Fathers Roman Expansion and Internal Pressures Farmer/Soldier Farmers in the Republic after 200 BC Smallholder Land ownership and citizenship Good infantry Problems with extended service Latifundia and Tenements Roman Expansion and Internal Pressures Farmer/Soldier Family Family and Virtue in Public Life Pompeii, Domus (exterior) Pompeii, Domus (Interior) Roman Expansion and Internal Pressures Farmer/Soldier Family Religion Roman Religion Roman Expansion and Internal Pressures Farmer/Soldier Family Religion Government - optimates - provincial governors 4 Signs of Strain Slaves Problems with Slavery Increase in number - c. 2 million by 100 BC Neglect in latifundia Revolts - 135 BC, 104 BC - 74 BC- Spartacus 4 Signs of Strain Slaves Provinces Attacks on garrisons Allies (socii) “Social War” (91-89 BC) Urban slums: Optimates and populares (reformers) II) Reformers The Gracci: Tiberius and Caius Gracchus Tiberius Gracchus (163-133 BC) Patrician background Populare Tribune in Plebian Assembly Tiberius Gracchus on land reform: “The wild beasts that roam over Italy have their dens. . . . But the men who fight and die for Italy enjoy nothing but the air and light; without house or home they wanter about with their wives and children. . . . They fight and die to protect the wealth and luxury of others; they are styled masters of the world, and have not a clod of earth they call their own.” Tiberius Gracchus Proposed a land commission Challenged the Senate Plebian assembly Expelled the dissenting tribune Octavius Death of T. Gracchus (133 BC) Further reforms Ran for re-election as tribune Senators killed him and some supporters Senate concessions Violent precedent Caius Gracchus (153-121 BC) Became tribune in 123 BC Even more ambitious Granaries, investigations Extension of citizenship Assassinated- lesson for reformers The Generals: Marius (c. 157-86 BC) Humble origins Military success Consul (107-100 BC) Ended property requirment for service - Client Armies Sulla (c.138-78 BC) Social Wars- 91 BC Another “new man” Elected consul Expedition to Asia Minor (88 BC) Conflict vs. Marius - Attack on Rome: -division: officers vs. soldiers Return and dictatorship (82-79 BC)- proscription III) First Triumvirate 1st Triumvirate (60 BC) The Army and the Senate The First Triumvirate: Pompey Crassus Julius Caesar Gnaeus Pompey (106-48 BC) Crassus Wealthy optimate Julius Caesar’s father-in-law Julius Caesar Became consul (59 BC) Sent to Gaul with a client army Military victories Gallic Commentaries “Crossing the Rubicon” Crassus dies- 53 BC Pompey turns the Senate against Caesar Senate recalls Caesar from Gaul Return to Rome Caesar’s Rise Julius Caesar and Reform Extended clemency Enlarged the Senate Populares: Free grain to 320K citizens Overseas colonies Land for army veterans The Roman “Republic” under Caesar Caesar’s Dictatorship The Ides of March • Lecture 13: The Early Empire I) Second Triumvirate II) The Principate III) Emperors, 14-181 AD IDs: Octavian Marc Antony Princeps Augustus Pax Romana Praetorian Guard Aeneid Tiberius Caligula Claudius Nero “Year of the 4 Emperors” Vespasian Flavian dynasty bread and circuses Antonines • Caesar’s Dictatorship • The Ides of March • Octavian Julius Caesar’s nephew and stepson Just 18 years old Named as heir by Julius Caesar • Second Triumvirate Octavian - Julius Caesar’s nephew and stepson Marc Antony - Caesar’s comrade Lepidus - Caesar’s deputy • Marc Antony’s funeral oration Friends, Romans, countrymen, lend me your ears; I come to bury Caesar, not to praise him; The evil that men do lives after them, The good is oft interréd with their bones, So let it be with Caesar…. The noble Brutus Hath told you Caesar was ambitious: If it were so, it was a grievous fault, And grievously hath Caesar answered it…. Here, under leave of Brutus and the rest, (For Brutus is an honourable man; So are they all; all honourable men) Come I to speak in Caesar's funeral…. He was my friend, faithful and just to me: But Brutus says he was ambitious; And Brutus is an honourable man…. • 2nd Triumvirate • Rule of Octavian/Augustus Undermines Marc Antony Elected consul in 31 BC Victory at Actium (vs. Antony) by 31 BC Octavian as “Princeps” in 27 BC - “1st citizen” Also becomes emperor as “Augustus”- 27 BC - official end of republic/start of empire • II) The Principate • The Principate Political reforms: Cooperation w/ Senate Mutual recognition Popular reforms: Roman fire department, police Military reforms: Reduced size Praetorian Guard • The Principate Political reforms: Cooperation w/ Senate Mutual recognition Popular reforms: Roman fire department, Military reforms: police Reduced size, Praetorian Guard Main appeal- stability Pax Romana • The Two Caesars: Augustus: “I restored, I completed, I built, I gave” • “Divine Augustus” • Projecting Pax Romana • Ara Pacis (Altar of Peace) 9 BC • The Principate Main appeal- Pax Romana - stability Social policies Literary patronage • Propertius, Elegies (p. 153) • Virgil’s Aeneid “When I had said this, over my breadth of shoulder And bent neck, I spread out a lion skin For tawny cloak and stooped to take his weight. Then little Iulus put his hand in mine And came with shorter steps beside his father. My wife fell in behind.” - The Aeneid, Book II lines 936- 942 Revision the origins of Rome (vs. Romulus) - what’s added, what’s lost? • Virgil on Roman destiny (from The Aeneid) “Others shall plead cases better and others will better Track the course of the heavens and announce the rising stars. Remember Romans, your task is to rule the peoples This will be your art: to teach the habit of peace, To spare the defeated and subdue the haughty.” Vs. Ovid • III) Emperors, 14-181 AD • Julio-Claudian Dynasty Succession? Tiberius Gaius (Caligula) Claudius Nero • Tiberius (r. 14-37 AD) General under Augustus Divorce and remarriage “Stern and irascible” Unhappiness • Emperor Gaius (37-41 AD) Great-grandson of Augustus Caesar Nicknamed “Caligula” Cruel and violent Killed by the Praetorian Guard in 41 AD Return to a republic? • Emperor Claudius (41-54 AD) Bribed the Praetorian Guard Eliminated any rivals Died in 54 AD • Emperor Nero (54-68 AD) Emperor at 16 Public festivals Relations with the Senate Persecution of Christians Paraniod Military rebellion in 68 AD • 69 AD- “The Year of the Four Emperors” Invasion of Rome from 4 provincial generals Quick scramble for power Civic apathy How are Emperors like the weather? “We just to wait for bad ones to pass and hope for good ones to appear.” --Tacitus • Flavian Dynasty • Aqueducts • The Pantheon • Arch of Titus (81 AD) • Frieze from the Arch • Trajan’s Column • The Coliseum (72-80 AD) • Circus Maximus • Roman Baths • Give the People What they Want: Bread and Circuses I chanced to stop in at a midday show, expecting fun, wit, and some relaxation, when men’s eyes take respite from the slaughter of their fellow men. It was just the reverse. The preceding combats were merciful by comparison; now all trifling is put aside and it is pure murder. The men have no protective covering. Their entire bodies are exposed to the blows, and no blow is ever struck in vain. . . . In the morning men are thrown to the lions and the bears, at noon they are thrown to the spectators. The spectators call for the slave to be thrown to those who in turn will slay him, and they detain the victor for another butchering. The outcome for the combatants is death; the first is waged with sword and fire. This goes on while the arena is free. ‘But one of them was a highway robber, he killed a man!’ Because he killed he deserved to suffer this punishment, granted. . . .‘Kill him! Lash him! Burn him! Why doesn’t he kill boldly? Why doesn’t he die game? Whip him to meet his wounds! Let them trade blow for blow, chests bare and within reach!’ And when the show stops for intermission, ‘Let’s have men killed meanwhile! Let’s not have nothing going on!’