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Endocrine System Hormones 2007-2008 Regulation Why are hormones needed? chemical messages from one body part to another communication needed to coordinate whole body daily homeostasis & regulation of large scale changes solute levels in blood glucose, Ca++, salts, etc. metabolism growth development maturation reproduction growth hormones Regulation & Communication Animals rely on 2 systems for regulation endocrine system system of ductless glands secrete chemical signals directly into blood chemical travels to target tissue target cells have receptor proteins slow, long-lasting response nervous system system of neurons transmits “electrical” signal & release neurotransmitters to target tissue fast, short-lasting response Regulation by chemical messengers Neurotransmitters released by neurons Hormones release by endocrine glands endocrine gland neurotransmitter axon hormone carried by blood receptor proteins receptor proteins target cell Lock & Key system Classes of Hormones Protein-based hormones polypeptides small proteins: insulin, ADH insulin glycoproteins large proteins + carbohydrate: FSH, LH amines modified amino acids: epinephrine, melatonin Lipid-based hormones steroids modified cholesterol: sex hormones, aldosterone Action of lipid (steroid) hormones steroid hormone TARGET CELL S S cytoplasm 1 BLOOD S protein carrier cross cell membrane 2 binds to receptor protein becomes transcription factor 5 S 3 mRNA read by ribosome plasma membrane 4 DNA mRNA nucleus 6 protein 7 protein secreted ex: secreted protein = growth factor (hair, bone, muscle, gametes) Maintaining homeostasis hormone 1 lowers body condition gland high specific body condition low raises body condition gland hormone 2 Negative Feedback Model Nervous System Control Feedback Controlling Body Temperature nerve signals hypothalamus dilates surface blood vessels sweat high body temperature (37°C) low hypothalamus constricts surface shiver blood vessels nerve signals Endocrine System Control Feedback Regulation of Blood Sugar islets of Langerhans insulin beta islet cells liver stores glycogen body cells take up sugar from blood pancreas liver high blood sugar level (90mg/100ml) low triggers hunger liver releases glucose liver pancreas glucagon islets of Langerhans alpha islet cells reduces appetite Nervous & Endocrine systems linked Hypothalamus = “master nerve control center” nervous system receives information from nerves around body about internal conditions releasing hormones: regulates release of hormones from pituitary Pituitary gland = “master gland” endocrine system secretes broad range of “tropic” hormones regulating other glands in body hypothalamus posterior pituitary anterior tropic hormones = target endocrine glands hypothalamus thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) Thyroid gland Adrenal cortex posterior antidiuretic pituitary hormone (ADH) anterior pituitary gonadotropic hormones: folliclestimulating hormone (FSH) & luteinizing hormone (LH) Kidney tubules Muscles of uterus Melanocyte in amphibian Bone and muscle Testes Ovaries Mammary glands in mammals Regulating metabolism Hypothalamus TRH = TSH-releasing hormone Anterior Pituitary TSH = thyroid stimulating hormone Thyroid produces thyroxine hormones metabolism & development bone growth mental development metabolic use of energy blood pressure & heart rate muscle tone digestion reproduction tyrosine + iodine thyroxines Goiter Iodine deficiency causes thyroid to enlarge as it tries to produce thyroxine + tyrosine + iodine ✗ ✗ thyroxines Effects of stress on a body Stress Nerve Spinal cord signals (cross section) Hypothalamus Releasing hormone Nerve cell Anterior pituitary Blood vessel adrenal medulla secretes epinephrine & norepinephrine Nerve cell ACTH Adrenal gland Adrenal cortex secretes mineralocorticoids & glucocorticoids Kidney (A) SHORT-TERM STRESS RESPONSE Effects of epinephrine and norepinephrine: 1. Glycogen broken down to glucose; increased blood glucose 2. Increased blood pressure 3. Increased breathing rate 4. Increased metabolic rate 5. Change in blood flow patterns, leading to increased alertness & decreased digestive & kidney activity (B) LONG-TERM STRESS RESPONSE Effects of mineralocorticoids: Effects of glucocorticoids: 1. Retention of sodium ions & water by kidneys 1. Proteins & fats broken down & converted to glucose, leading to increased blood glucose 2. Increased blood volume & blood pressure 2. Immune system suppressed Any Questions?? Robert Wadlow 1918-1940 8' 11" 2009-2010 Practice Questions on Anatomy 1. Which of the following gland or set of glands lies in closest proximity to the pineal gland? A. adrenals B. pituitary C. thymus D. parathyroid 2. The gland that lies deep in the thoracic cavity, just above the heart is the A. Thyroid B. Hypothalamus C. Thymus D. Pineal 3. The “master control center” that directs the activities of the endocrine system is the: A. hypothalamus B. pineal C. thymus D. thyroid 4. Which of the following glands is NOT in the cranium? A. Hypothalamus B. Pineal C. Thymus D. Pituitary 5. What is TRUE of Lidid-based hormones? A. An example is FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) B. They are made of modified cholesterol C. They have a carbohydrate “ID tag” D. One group of them are made of polypeptides 6. Which of the following is a hormone that stimulates milk production? A. Cortisol B. Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) C. Growth hormone D. Prolactin