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Rotavirus: advocacy slides These slides are intended to support your advocacy efforts. Please incorporate those that may be useful to you in your presentations. For questions, please contact [email protected]. Special thanks to the ROTA Council’s Partners: Johns Hopkins University, PATH, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation for their technical guidance and expertise in developing these slides. Rotavirus Vaccines Rotavirus vaccines: provide best protection benefits saves lives improves health cost effective A comprehensive approach to fighting diarrhea, including rotavirus vaccines and other proven preventions and treatments, can significantly reduce child illnesses and deaths. Two vaccines licensed for global use Shown to be safe and effective in large-scale clinical studies and real-world use RotaTeq (Merck) Rotarix (GSK) Formulation Pentavalent, bovine-human reassortant Monovalent, human Orally administered, doses 3 2 Safety: clinical trials (intussusception risk) No difference1 No difference1 Safety: post-introduction (intussusception risk) Low-level risk in some countries, not others2,4,5,6 Low-level risk in some countries, not others2,3 Efficacy: against severe rotavirus 98%7 diarrhea in children < 1 (developed countries) 85%-96%8,9 Efficacy: against severe rotavirus 51%-64%10,11 diarrhea in children < 1 (developing countries) 59%13 1Soares-Weiser, Cochrane 2Buttery, PID, 2011 NEJM, 2011 4Shui, JAMA, 2012 5Cortese, PID, 2010 6Haber, Pediatrics, 2008 3Patel, Review, 2012 7Vesikari, NEJM, 2006 8Ruiz-Palacios, NEJM, 2006 9Vesikari, Lancet, 2007 10Armah, Lancet, 2010 Lancet, 2010 13Mahdi and Cunliffe, NEJM, 2010 11Zaman, 5 Rotavirus vaccines: recommended by WHO WHO recommends rotavirus vaccines in all national immunization programs (NIPs), particularly in south and southeastern Asia and sub-Saharan Africa Should be part of a comprehensive approach to control diarrhea Vaccination age restriction may be relaxed in countries where delays in immunizations and deaths from rotavirus are common WHO. Rotavirus vaccines: WHO position paper – January 2013 NIP status as of August 2013 47 countries have introduced rotavirus vaccines into their NIPs Rotavirus vaccine: introduction status 47 countries have introduced rotavirus vaccines into their national immunization programs as of August 2013 Africa Botswana, Ghana, Malawi, Rwanda, South Africa, Tanzania, The Gambia Americas Bolivia, Brazil, Cayman Islands, Colombia, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, USA, Venezuela Eastern Mediterranean Bahrain, Iraq, Morocco, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Yemen Europe Armenia, Austria, Belgium, Finland, Georgia, Israel, Luxembourg, Moldova, United Kingdom Southeast Asia Philippines Western Pacific Australia, Fiji, Marshall Islands, Micronesia, Palau *Canada, Thailand, United Arab Emirates, Zambia have introduced regionally WHO, 2013 Diarrhea: comprehensive approach Rotavirus vaccines are key to a comprehensive approach to fighting diarrheal disease Prevent • • Rotavirus vaccines Improved drinking water, hygiene, sanitation Treat Protect • • Exclusive Breastfeeding Appropriate complementary feeding • • Rehydration therapy (oral rehydration solution [ORS], home available or IV fluids) Zinc supplementation Impact: reductions in hospitalizations Major reductions in hospitalizations for children under 5 observed within 2 years of rotavirus vaccine introduction Hospital admissions for rotavirus reduced by half or more (49-89%) Significant declines (17- 55%) in hospitalizations for all causes of diarrhea Patel, Lancet, 2012 Impact: reduction in rotavirus hospitalizations Hospitalizations: documented reductions of 50% or more Country (Nationwide) Vaccine Used Age Group Eligible to Receive Vaccine Yearly Reductions in Hospitalizations (Across Studies and Age Groups) Australia RotaTeq & Rotarix 0-1 years old 87% Austria RotaTeq & Rotarix 0-2 years old 74-79% Belgium RotaTeq & Rotarix 0-2 years old 50-77% Bolivia Rotarix 0-1 years old ~70% US RotaTeq 0-2 years old 66-86% Note: table derived from Table 2 from: Patel MM, Glass R, Desai R, Tate JE, Parashar UD. Fulfilling the Promise of Rotavirus Vaccines: How Far Have We Come Since Licensure? The Lancet Infectious Diseases. 2012;12(7):561-570. Patel, British Medical Journal, 2013. Impact: reduction in rotavirus hospitalizations Hospitalizations: documented reductions of 50% or more in children 0-2 years old following rotavirus vaccination Belgium 50-77% RotaTeq & Rotarix US 66-86% RotaTeq Bolivia 70% Rotarix Austria 74-79% RotaTeq & Rotarix Australia 87% RotaTeq & Rotarix Note: data derived from Table 2 from: Patel MM, Glass R, Desai R, Tate JE, Parashar UD. Fulfilling the Promise of Rotavirus Vaccines: How Far Have We Come Since Licensure? The Lancet Infectious Diseases. 2012;12(7):561-570. Impact: reduction in all causes of diarrhea hospitalizations Hospitalizations: documented reductions of nearly 20% or more Country (Nationwide) Vaccine Used Age Group Eligible Yearly Reductions in to Receive Vaccine Hospitalizations (Across Studies and Age Groups) Mexico Rotarix 0-2 years old 40% Belgium RotaTeq & Rotarix 0-2 years old 33% USA RotaTeq 0-2 years old 29-52% El Salvador Rotarix 0-2 years old 28-37% Brazil Rotarix 0-2 years old 17-48% Note: table derived from Table 2 from: Patel MM, Glass R, Desai R, Tate JE, Parashar UD. Fulfilling the Promise of Rotavirus Vaccines: How Far Have We Come Since Licensure? The Lancet Infectious Diseases. 2012;12(7):561-570. Impact: reduction in all causes of diarrhea hospitalizations Hospitalizations: documented reductions of nearly 20% or more in children 0-2 years old following rotavirus vaccination El Salvador 28-37% Brazil 17-48% Rotarix USA 29-52% Rotarix Belgium 33% RotaTeq Mexico 40% RotaTeq & Rotarix Rotarix Note: data derived from Table 2 from: Patel MM, Glass R, Desai R, Tate JE, Parashar UD. Fulfilling the Promise of Rotavirus Vaccines: How Far Have We Come Since Licensure? The Lancet Infectious Diseases. 2012;12(7):561-570. Patel, British Medical Journal, 2013. Impact: herd immunity/indirect benefits of vaccination Significant reductions in hospitalization observed for non-vaccinated children Rotavirus related hospitalizations reduced Country (nationwide) Children age-eligible for vaccine Children NOT age-eligible for vaccine El Salvador 79-86% 41-81% Austria 76-79% 35% USA 74-85% 41-80% Belgium 65-80% 20-64% Sao Paulo, Brazil 56-69% 24% Queensland, Australia 50-70% 30-70% Country (regional) Note: table derived from Table 2 from: Patel MM, Glass R, Desai R, Tate JE, Parashar UD. Fulfilling the Promise of Rotavirus Vaccines: How Far Have We Come Since Licensure? The Lancet Infectious Diseases. 2012;12(7):561-570. Impact: herd immunity/indirect benefits of vaccination Hospitalizations: documented reductions of more than 50% in children eligible for vaccination Belgium 65-80% USA 74-85% Austria 76-79% Hospitalizations: documented reductions of more than 20% in children NOT eligible for vaccination USA 41-80% Belgium 20-64% El Salvador 79-86% Note: data derived from Table 2 from: Patel MM, Glass R, Desai R, Tate JE, Parashar UD. Fulfilling the Promise of Rotavirus Vaccines: How Far Have We Come Since Licensure? The Lancet Infectious Diseases. 2012;12(7):561-570. Austria 35% El Salvador 41-81% Rotavirus vaccines: cross-strain protection Rotavirus vaccines provide broad protection against rotavirus–even against strains of the virus not included in the vaccine. Rotarix Efficacy Against Vaccine and Non-Vaccine Type Rotavirus Vaccine Type Efficacy Non-Vaccine Type Efficacy G1 64.1% G12 55.5% G8 64.6% P[4] 70.9% P[6] 55.2% P8 Steele, BMCID, 2012 59.1% Real world impact: Mexico and Brazil Post-introduction impact in Mexico and Brazil comparable to phase 3 clinical trial efficacy data Mexico Brazil • Widespread introduction in 2007 • Widespread introduction in 2006 • In 2008, diarrhea deaths declined by 35%1 • In 2007, diarrhea deaths declined by 30%3 • In 2009, diarrhea deaths declined by more than 65% • In 2008, diarrhea deaths declined by 39%3 • Sustained reduction of 22% over 3 years (2007-2009)4 Hospitalizations for rotavirus and all-cause diarrhea decline 1Richardson V, et al. IJID, 2011 4Carmo, PLOS, 2011 3Lanzieri, Impact: Mexico Reduction in deaths of more than 50% realized and sustained (2009-2011) across all regions1 Reduction in deaths of 35% seen in just the first year.2 1Gastañaduy, 2Richardson, Pediatrics, 2013 NEJM, 2010 Impact: Bolivia Bolivia, first high-mortality country to introduce Rotarix® in 2008, with GAVI support Study found vaccinated children 70% less likely to be hospitalized for rotavirus compared to unvaccinated children Protection sustained through first 2 years of a child’s life, when risk of infection is greatest Vaccination protected against wide variety of rotavirus strains, including those not found in the vaccine Findings applicable to many other GAVI-eligible countries in Africa and Asia, especially those using Rotarix BMJ, 2013 Rotavirus vaccines: cost effective Prevent an estimated 180,000 deaths annually If used in all GAVIeligible countries, rotavirus vaccines could… Avert 6 million clinic and hospital visits annually Save US $68 million annually Atherly, Vaccine, 2012 Cost-effectiveness: GAVI countries Cost per DALY averted, 2011-2030 Compared to GDP per capita (Very cost effective when cost per DALY averted < 1x GDP) Slide from Debbie Atherly Source: GAVI Investment Case Rotavirus vaccines: cost effective Cost effectiveness is about more than the price of the vaccine. We must also consider: Hospitalizations Loss of income/productivity when taking care of a sick child Child suffering Patel, Santosham, & Tate, Medscape, 2012. Rotavirus vaccination: benefits outweigh risks Benefits of rotavirus vaccination are substantial and include prevention of hospitalization and death Benefits far outweigh possible low-level risk of intussusception associated with the vaccine Rotavirus vaccines: benefits outweigh risks If introduced into all national immunization programs at the same coverage levels of other routine vaccines administered by 15 weeks of age Benefit: 156,000 deaths related to rotavirus averted WHO, 2012 Risk: 288 potential deaths from vaccine-associated intussusception, an intestinal obstruction Real world observations: intussusception risk Post-licensure Studies Australia Brazil Mexico US • Low-level risk • 5-6 excess cases of intussusception/100,000 children vaccinated • Low-level risk • 1st dose: no excess risk observed so far • 2nd dose: 1-2 excess cases of intussusception/ 100,000 children vaccinated • Low-level risk • 1st dose: 2 excess cases of intussusception/100,000 children vaccinated • 2nd dose: no excess risk observed so far • Low-level risk • 1-5 excess cases of intussusception/100,000 children vaccinated Benefits outweigh risk, but surveillance remains essential Buttery, Vaccine, 2011 Patel, NEJM, 2011 CDC, 2013 FDA, 2013 References • • • • • • • • Ansari SA, Springthorpe VS, Sattar SA. Survival and vehicular spread of human rotaviruses: possible relation to seasonality of outbreaks. Reviews of infectious diseases. 1991; 13(3): 448-61. Atherly D, Lewis K, Tate J et al. Projected health and economic impact of rotavirus vaccination in GAVI-eligible countries: 2011–2030. Vaccine. 30S (2012) A7– A14. Armah G, Sow S, Breiman R, et al. Efficacy of pentavalent human-bovine reassortant rotavirus vaccine against severe rotavirus gastroenteritis in sub-Saharan Africa: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. The Lancet. 2010;376(9741):606-614. Buttery JP, Lambert SB, Grimwood K, et al. Reduction in rotavirus-associated acute gastroenteritis following introduction of rotavirus vaccine into Australia’s National Childhood vaccine schedule. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 2011;30(suppl 1):S25–S29. Buttery JP, Danchin MH, Lee KJ, Carlin JB, McIntyre PB, Elliott EJ, et al. Intussusception following rotavirus vaccine administration: post-marketing surveillance in the National Immunization Program in Australia. Vaccine. 2011;29(16):30613066. CDC. Rotavirus vaccines and intussusception in the Vaccien Safety Datalink (VSD). http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/acip/meetings/downloads/slides-jun-2013/02-Rotavirus-Weintraub.pdf. Published 2013. Accessed 29 July 2013. Cortese MM, Tate JE, Simonsen L, Edelman L, Parashar UD. Reduction in gastroenteritis in United States children and correlation with early rotavirus vaccine uptake from national medical claims databases. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 2010;29:489–494. References • • • • • • • do Carmo GM, Yen C, Cortes J, Siqueira AA, de Oliveira WK, Cortez-Escalante JJ, et al. Decline in diarrhea mortality and admissions after routine childhood rotavirus immunization in Brazil: a time-series analysis. PLoS Medicine. 2011;8(4):e1001024. FDA. Risk of intussusception after rotavirus vaccination: results of a PRISM study. http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/acip/meetings/downloads/slides-jun-2013/04-Rotavirus-Yih.pdf. Published 2013. Accessed 29 July 2013. Haber P, Patel M, Izurieta HS, Baggs J, Gargiullo P, Weintraub E, Cortese M, Braun MM, Belongia EA, Miller E, Ball R, Iskander J, Parashar UD. Postlicensure monitoring of intussusception after RotaTeq vaccination in the United States, February 1, 2006, to September 25, 2007. Pediatrics; 2008:121(6):1206-12. Kotloff KL, Nataro JP, Blackwelder WC, Nasrin D, Farag TH, Panchalingam S, et al. Burden and aetiology of diarrhoeal disease in infants and young children in developing countries (the Global Enteric Multicenter Study, GEMS): a prospective, casecontrol study. Lancet. 2013. Liu L, Johnson HL, Cousens S, Perin J, Scott S, Lawn JE, et al. Global, regional, and national causes of child mortality: an updated systematic analysis for 2010 with time trends since 2000. Lancet. 2012; 379(9832): 2151-61. Madhi S, Cunliffe N, Steele D et al. Effect of human rotavirus vaccine on severe diarrhea in African infants. The New England Journal of Medicine. 2010;362(4):289-298. Parashar U, Hummelman E, Bresee J, et al. Global illness and deaths caused by rotavirus disease in children. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2003 May; 9(5):565–572. References • • • • • • • • • • Parashar UD, Gibson CJ, Bresse JS, et al. Rotavirus and severe childhood diarrhea. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2006;12:304–306. Patel MM, Glass R, Desai R, Tate J, Parashar UD. Fulfilling the promise of rotavirus vaccines: how far have we come since licensure? Lancet Infect Dis 2012; 12; 561-70 Patel M, Richardson V, et al. Intussusception risk and health benefits of rotavirus vaccination in Mexico and Brazil. The New England Journal of Medicine. 2011;364(24):2283- 2292. Patel MM, Patzi M, Pastor D, Nina A, Roca Y, Alvarez L, et al. Effectiveness of monovalent rotavirus vaccine in Bolivia: casecontrol study. BMJ. 2013;346:f3726 Patel MM, Santosham M, Tate, J. Preventing Rotavirus Disease in the Developing World: Issues, Opportunities, and Challenges. Medscape, December 2012. http://www.medscape.org/viewarticle/776009 Richardson V, Hernandez-Pichardo J, Quintanar-Solares M, et al. Effect of rotavirus vaccination on death from childhood diarrhea in Mexico. The New England Journal of Medicine. 2010;362(4):299–305. Rheingans RD, Antil L, Dreibelbis R, et al. Economic costs of rotavirus gastroenteritis and cost-effectiveness of vaccination in developing countries. JID 2009;200 (Supplement 1):S16–S27. Ruiz-Palacios GM, Perez-Schael I, Velazquez FR, Abate H, Breuer T, Clemens SC, et al. Safety and efficacy of an attenuated vaccine against severe rotavirus gastroenteritis. N Engl J Med. 2006; 354(1): 11-22. Santosham M, Chandran A, Fitzwater S, et al. Progress and barriers for the control of diarrhoeal disease. The Lancet. 2010; 376: 63–67. Shui IM, Baggs J, Patel M, Parashar UD, Rett M, Belongia EA, Hambidge SJ, Glanz JM, Klein NP, Weintraub E. Risk of intussusception following administration of a pentavalent rotavirus vaccine in US infants. JAMA; 2012: 307(6):598-604. References • • • • • • • • • • Soares-Weiser K, Maclehose H, Bergman H, Ben-Aharon I, Nagpal S, Goldberg E, Pitan F, Cunliffe N. Vaccines for preventing rotavirus diarrhoea: vaccines in use. Cochrane Database Syst Rev.; 2012:11:CD008521. Steele AD, Neuzil KM, Cunliffe NA, Madhi SA, Bos P, Ngwira B, et al. Human rotavirus vaccine Rotarix provides protection against diverse circulating rotavirus strains in African infants: a randomized controlled trial. BMC Infect Dis. 2012; 12: 213. Tate JE, Burton AH, Boschi-Pinto C, Steele D, et al. 2008 estimate of worldwide rotavirus-associated mortality in children younger than 5 years before the introduction of universal rotavirus vaccination programmes: a systematic review and metaanalysis. The Lancet. Published online October 25, 2011. Vesikari T, Matson DO, Dennehy P, Van Damme P, Santosham M, Rodriguez Z, et al. Safety and efficacy of a pentavalent human-bovine (WC3) reassortant rotavirus vaccine. N Engl J Med. 2006; 354(1): 23-33. WHO. Diarrhoeal disease. 2009 [cited 2011 September 28]; Available from: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs330/en/index.html WHO. Meeting of the immunization Strategic Advisory Group of Experts, April 2009 – conclusions and recommendations. Weekly Epidemiological Record. 2009; 84(23):232-236. WHO. Rotavirus vaccines: WHO position paper – January 2013. Wkly Epidemiol Rec. 2009; 88(50): 49-64. WHO: Rotavirus vaccine update 2012. Available from: http://www.sabin.org/sites/sabin.org/files/Fatima%20Serhan.pdf WHO. Estimated rotavirus deaths for children under 5 years of age. Available from: http://www.who.int/immunization_monitoring/burden/rotavirus_estimates/en/ Zaman K, Dang DA, Victor J, et al. Efficacy of pentavalent rotavirus vaccine against severe rotavirus gastroenteritis in infants in developing countries in Asia: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. The Lancet. 2010;376(9741):615-623.