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NURS1004: Laboratory report 2016 Week 6: The skeleton and joints This week’s reports from both classes are to be submitted for marking in the Assessment section on FLO. Total marks for the A&P report 21 marks. Workshop activities Time allocation Part I: The skeletal system 55 mins Part II: Bone markings 25 mins Part III: Articulations 30 mins Part IV: Histology of bone 10 mins Preliminary work Review Martini et al. 2015. Sections: 6.1, 6.2 7.2, 7.5, 7.6, 7.7, 7.8, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4 9.2, 9.3, 9.5, 9.6 Objectives of the workshop After completing this workshop you should be able to: classify bones as part of the axial or appendicular skeleton relate structural characteristics to function name and locate many of the bones of the skeleton understand some of the naming conventions used for bones. Equipment Models of human torso and prepared specimens Anatomical charts of the body Articulated skeletons Individual skeletal bones Longitudinal sections of long bones Bones soaked in 10% nitric acid until flexible Bones heated at 120oC for about two hours 1|Page Part I: The skeletal system The axial skeleton Refer to Martini et al. 2015 figure 7.1, and the complete human skeleton to locate the following bones. 1 THE SKULL consists of eight cranial bones. Refer to figures 7.2, 7.3 and 7.4 in Martini et al. 2015 and identify the cranial and facial structures. Examine the adult skull. Locate the following cranial and facial bones and identify the listed bone features. (1 mark) OCCIPITAL BONE TEMPORAL BONE MANDIBLE PARIETAL BONE Squamous suture ETHMOID NASAL BONE Supra-orbital foramen SPHENOID FRONTAL BONE LACRIMAL BONE Zygomatic arch Mastoid process ZYGOMATIC BONE Styloid process Zygomatic process Coronal suture MAXILLA of temporal bone Temporal process External acoustic of zygomatic bone meatus * Martini et al. 2015 p. 236 2|Page 1. Locate the Foramen magnum. Why is there an opening here in the skull? 0.5 mark .............................................................................................. .......................................................................................... Growth of the face. Locate the newborn skull model and compare it to the adult skull. Notice the great increase in the facial skeleton in the adult. Martini et al. 2015 p252, 236. 2. Examine a foetal skull and record any similarities and differences between it and an adult skull. Why do these differences exist? 0.5 mark .............................................................................................. .............................................................................................. .............................................................................................. .............................................................................................. .............................................................................................. THE VERTEBRAL COLUMN (spine) consists of a number of bones called vertebrae, each of which is identified with a letter (C, T, L or S) reflecting the body region in which it is found. In the adult column the five sacral and four coccygeal vertebrae are fused into single bones. Refer to figures 7.16 to 7.21 in Martini et al. 2015 to identify the features of the vertebrae and vertebral column. On the articulated skeleton, locate the following bones and identify the listed features. Palpate the bony processes on a fellow student’s spine. 3|Page 4a. Complete the diagram below with correct label placement. 0.5 mark Vertebral body Articular processes Vertebral arch The major components of a typical vertebra Martini et al. 2015p. 254. 4b Label the diagram below. 0.5 mark Sacral Lumbar 5 vertebrae Coccygeal Cervical 7 vertebrae Martini et al. 2015p. 253 Thoracic 12 vertebrae 4|Page 4c. 0.5 marks The atlas (C1) and axis (C2). Anterior arch Transverse Atlas (C1) Axis (C2) Posterior arch ligament Dens of axis Martini et al. 2015 p. 256 4d What is the significance of the C1 and C2? 0.5 mark ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................ 5 What feature distinguishes thoracic vertebrae from other vertebrae? 0.5 mark ............................................................................................... ............................................................................................... ............................................................................................... Note the presence of the intervertebral disc. These cushion the spinal column and help in the formation of strong and flexible joints between adjacent vertebrae. Note the four curves of the vertebral column. Two of these (convex curves) are present at birth—thoracic and sacral. 6. At what stage during human development do the cervical and lumbar (concave) curves develop and for what purposes? 0.5 mark ............................................................................................... ............................................................................................... ............................................................................................... 5|Page 3 THORAX. The skeletal part of the thorax consists of the sternum, costal cartilage, ribs and thoracic vertebrae. It encloses and protects the organs found within the thoracic cavity and provides support for bones of the shoulder girdle and upper extremities. Refer to figure 7.22 in Martini to identify the skeletal features and thorax. On the articulated skeleton and on a fellow student, locate the following bones and the listed features. 7a Correctly label the diagram below. 0.5 mark Martini et al. 2015 p.262. False rib True rib Xiphoid process Body of Sternum Manubrium 6|Page 7b. What distinguishes a ‘true’ rib from a ‘false’ rib? 0.5 mark ...................................................................................... ...................................................................................... ...................................................................................... Appendicular skeleton Refer to figure 8.1 in Martini to distinguish the appendicular from the axial skeleton. Then identify and examine the following parts and the important features indicated. PECTORAL (shoulder) GIRDLE and UPPER EXTREMITY Each pectoral girdle consists of two bones—the clavicle and the scapula— and serves to attach the bones of the upper extremity to the axial skeleton. The humerus articulates very freely with the scapula. Refer to figures 8.2 to 8.6 in Martini to help you identify the structures listed below. 8a On the articulated skeleton, locate the following bones of the pectoral girdle and upper extremity and identify the listed features. Martini et al. 2015 p. 270 (0.5 mark) Clavicle Jugular notch Scapula The position of the clavicle within the pectoral girdle, anterior view. 7|Page 8b. Correctly label the bone of the upper arm. Martini et al. 2015 pp. 272. 0.5 mark Greater tubercle Shaft Head Surgical neck Deltoid Intertubercular groove tuberosity Lesser tubercle Anatomical Radial fossa neck Coronoid fossa Lateral epicondyle Capitulum Medial epicondyle Trochlea Condyle Anterior surface 8|Page 8c. Correctly label the bones of the lower arm. 0.5 mark Martini et al. 2015 p. 274. Styloid process of radius Olecranon Neck of radius ULNA RADIUS Radial head Proximal radioulnar joint Styloid process of ulna Ulnar head Ulnar notch of radius Posterior view Interosseous membrane PELVIC GIRDLE and LOWER EXTREMITY. The pelvic girdle consists of two coxal bones which provide a strong, weight-bearing and stable support for the lower extremities. Refer to figures 8.7 to 8.14 in Martini. On the articulated skeleton, locate the following bones and their features. 9|Page 9. Correctly label the diagram of the pelvis below. 0.5 mark Martini et al. 2015 p. 278. Figure 8-9a Divisions of the Pelvis Pelvic outlet Pelvic brim Pelvic inlet False pelvis Superior view. The pelvic brim, pelvic inlet, and pelvic outlet. 10 | P a g e 10. Correctly label the bones of the lower limb. 0.5 marks Martini et al. 2015 p. 269. Metatarsal bones Femur Phalanges Tibia Lower limbs Fibula Tarsal bones Patella SESAMOID BONES are small bones formed in tendons. Find two locations where sesamoid bones are found. 10a Make a list of the differences in structure between the male and female pelvis. What is the purpose of these structures? Use the criteria listed in Martini Figs. 8.8 to 8.10 to identify and record in your Log book the sex of skeletons A, B, C, D, E and F. A .............. B ..................... C .............. D........................ E .............. 0.5 mark Part II: Bone markings Examine and name the disarticulated bone specimens on your table. Examine a typical long bone (from the container of disarticulated bones) for the characteristic surface features which mark the points of attachment of muscles, tendons and ligaments. Also look for the position of blood vessels and nerves. These markings can be classified as projections or processes, which grow out from the bone, and depressions (or cavities), which are indentations or openings in the bones. 11 | P a g e Question 11 has 10 parts 0.5 mark each Total 5 marks 11 a Projections which provide a site for muscle attachment: crest: narrow ridge of bone Example ................................................. 11 b Trochanter: very large and irregularly shaped Example ................................................. Why do you think it is shaped like this? (Hint: think about muscle attachment.) .............................................................................. 11 c Tubercle /Tuberosity: a rounded projection or roughened area Example ................................................. 11 d Projections that articulate with another bone: condyle: rounded convex projection Example ................................................. 11 e Epicondyle: raised area on a condyle head: extension of bone on a narrow neck Example ................................................. 11 f Depressions and openings that serve as passageways for nerves, blood vessels, ligaments or tendons: fissure: narrow slit-like opening between adjoining bones foramen: a rounded opening Example ................................................. 11 g Sulcus: Example a groove or furrow ................................................. Depressions forming a socket for another bone in a joint: fossa: shallow basin-like depression Example ................................................. Openings within bones: 11 h Sinus: membrane Example cavity within a bone, often air-filled and lined with mucous ................................................. 11 i Meatus: Example a canal like pipe (conduit) ................................................. 12 | P a g e 11j In general, what is the purpose of surface markings of bones? ...................................................................................... ...................................................................................... ...................................................................................... 12a Examine carefully the longitudinal section of a typical long bone in figure 6.2a & 6.8a in Martini et al. 2015 p. 208 and the fresh specimen. Label the image below with the terms in the text boxes: 0.5 marks Periosteum Spongy bone Diaphysis Epiphysis Medullary cavity Endosteum Compact bone Metaphysis 13 | P a g e Chemical composition of bone As you can appreciate, of all the materials in the body, bone is one of the hardest, and while relatively light, it resists the compression, tension and shear forces which continually act on it. Inorganic calcium phosphate salts deposited in the ground substance of the bone provide the hardness, while its flexibility is due to the organic constituents of the matrix, especially the protein fibres (collagen). Examine examples of bones previously soaked in nitric acid, which leaches out the mineral salts, and bones previously heated to destroy the organic fibres. 12b Describe the effects of these treatments on the bone, compared to the untreated specimens? 1 mark ...................................................................................... ...................................................................................... ...................................................................................... ...................................................................................... Part III: Articulations Articulations, or joints, are the points of contact between bony surfaces or between cartilage and bone. We will concentrate on freely movable joints (diarthroses/synovial joints). Read the section titled Dense Connective Tissues in Martini et al. 2015 p. 157. Use the skeleton and the models of joints provided to complete this section. Hinge joints: knee 1. Examine the model of the knee joint and identify the following structures: Patella and patella tendon Femur, tibia and fibula Lateral and cruciate ligaments 2. Note the smoothness of the articulating surfaces of this joint and note the structures (menisci) that lie between these surfaces. 3. Flex and extend the joint, noting what happens to the lateral ligaments with each movement. 14 | P a g e 13.What is the function of the menisci? 0.5 mark ...................................................................................... ...................................................................................... 14 Why does the knee joint have such a complicated arrangement of ligaments? (Hints: how many bones articulate here? Which joint has the greatest surface area? Which joint bears most weight?) 1 mark ...................................................................................... ...................................................................................... ...................................................................................... ...................................................................................... Hinge joints: elbow 1. Examine the model of the elbow joint and identify the following structures: Radius, biceps brachii tendon Ulna, trochlear and radial notches Humerus 2. Observe the various movements that are possible with this joint and mimic these actions with your own elbow joint. Ball and socket joints: shoulder Examine the model of the shoulder joint. Note the sort of movement that can be elicited from the articulation of the humerus and clavicle. Using the skeleton or your partner, investigate how movement of the scapula can influence shoulder movement. Ball and socket joints: hip Examine the model of the hip joint. Investigate the range of motion that is possible with this joint and mimic these movements with your own hip joint. 15. Which of the two joints, shoulder or hip, is LESS likely to dislocate? Give reasons for your answer. 1 mark. ...................................................................................... ...................................................................................... ...................................................................................... ...................................................................................... 15 | P a g e 15a. Correctly label the diagram below Martini et al. 2015 p. 292. 0.5 mark Quadriceps tendon Patella Bursa Articular cartilage Patellar ligament Meniscus Joint capsule Intracapsular ligament Meniscus Femur Synovial membrane Tibia Fat pad Knee joint, sagittal section 16 | P a g e Animal joint Observe a longitudinal section of a fresh animal (beef) joint. Note particularly the synovial cavity, articular cartilage, fibrous capsule, synovial membrane, meniscus, compact bone of the diaphysis, spongy bone of the epiphysis and the marrow in the medullary canal. 16.What is the physical purpose of the fluid secreted by the synovial membrane of diarthrotic joints? 0.5 mark ...................................................................................... ...................................................................................... ...................................................................................... ...................................................................................... 17.What is the purpose of articular cartilage? 0.5 mark ...................................................................................... ...................................................................................... ...................................................................................... 18.What is the function of red marrow? 0.5 mark ...................................................................................... ...................................................................................... ...................................................................................... ...................................................................................... 17 | P a g e Part IV: Histology of Bone (see Martini et al. 2015 p. 162, Figure 4.15 and p. 209 Figure 6.4). Mature bone cells (OSTEOCYTES) are widely separated in an intercellular matrix that contains abundant mineral salts (hydroxyapatites—Calcium Phosphate and Calcium Carbonate ). Bone is classified as SPONGY or COMPACT depending on the size and distribution of spaces between hard components. Adult compact bone consist of numerous concentric ring structures called OSTEONS (haversian systems) centred on a HAVERSIAN CANAL (a central canal). Blood vessels and nerves penetrate via Volkman’s Canals. These run longitudinally through the bone. Around them are CONCENTRIC LAMELLAE of the calcified matrix. LACUNAE are small spaces between the lamellae which contains the OSTEOCYTES. Radiating away from the lacunae are a network of CANALICULI which serve to enable efficient transportation of nutrients and wastes between osteocytes and the haversian canal. Compact bone structure (1) View the slide of BONE using the set up microscope. (2) Examine the slide using a total magnification of 40X at first. Use Martini (2012), figures 4-15 and 6.4 to help you identify the structures you can see. (3) Change to a total magnification of 100X, and then 400X. (4) Label the image of compact bone including the osteons (Haversian canal System), Martini et al. 2015 p. 212. 18 | P a g e 19. (0.5 marks) Trabeculae of spongy bone Vein Circumferential lamellae Perforating Central Artery canal canal Arteriole Perforating fibers Venule Periosteum Osteons Capillary 19 | P a g e 20. Correctly label, by dragging and dropping, the bones of the Appendicular skeleton, Martini et al. 2015 p.269. 0.5 mark Clavicle Ulna Tarsal bones Tibia Upper Pelvic limbs girdle Lower Pectoral limbs girdle Carpal Scapula bones Metacarpal bones Femur Patella SKELETAL SYSTEM Hip bone Metatarsal bones Radius Phalanges Humerus Phalanges Fibula APPENDICULAR SKELETON AXIAL SKELETON You have now completed the Week 6 A&P Lab report save this document. Remember this week’s reports are to be submitted for marking. Submit in the Assessment section on FLO. 20 | P a g e
