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This theory states that the universe began as a single point in the CHAOS of the nothingness of space Something caused an explosion outwards and the universe began to expand Galaxies formed into some clusters, and then the stars and planets began to form as well 1. Doppler Effect Light in space has a wavelength that you can only see with special lenses on telescopes If the wavelength is blue, the light is moving towards you If the wavelength is red, the light is moving away from you Every light in the universe has a red wavelength, which means that the universe is expanding 2. Cosmic Background Radiation The radiation leftover from the explosion of the Big Bang still surrounds us today, but no longer affects us because we are used to it Because it is closer to home, we can study the beginnings of our solar system and camp up with this theory In the beginnings of our solar system, it started as a collection of dust and gasses known as a nebula This nebula began to spin and collapse towards the center of the solar system and formed the Sun The dust that surrounded the Sun was still spinning and began to form the planets The heavier materials formed the inner, rock y planets of Mercury, Earth, Venus and Mars The lighter materials formed the outer, gaseous planets of Jupiter, Saturn, Neptune, and Uranus Evidence for Theory (which is not proven) 1. Orbits of the Planets The movement of the planets in the shape of an ellipse shows us that spinning is still in motion today The spinning of the Sun also show us this motion as well 2. Composition of the Planets Only the spinning of the materials in our solar system would have created the compositions of the planets and the order that they set themselves up in When the Universe formed, the chaos divided itself into a set order that had large masses break into smaller masses. Universe was broken into galaxies which they were then broken into solar systems, which had their own star at the center of those systems, which were then surrounded by a few smaller still planets Not every star will have a solar system 1. Rotation Turning or spinning of an object on its axis Earth’s rotation (spinning) is the same direction as our solar system and galaxy Most planets rotate the same way except Uranus, which appears to be rolling and not spinning This motion on Earth is 24 hours long (a day on Earth) The rotation along the Earth’s axis is at an angle of 23.5° which helps to create our seasons. This motion is happening so fast that it is causing the center of our Earth to bulge out in the middle This makes the circumference of our Earth the thickest part of the planet This is where the equator is on Earth http://highered.mheducation.com/olcweb/cgi/pluginpop.cgi?it=swf::800::600::/sites/dl/free/00 72482621/78778/Seasons_Nav.swf::Seasons%20Interactive The axis of the Earth moves in a slow cone shape that will have the axis pointing at a different spot in the sky, but the angle of the Earth does not change. This takes about 13000 years for the switch of positions/stars that it points to. The rotation of the Earth is not smooth rotation. It wobbles a bit as time goes by Right now, our axis points towards the North Star, also known as Polaris. Someday, the axis will point towards Vega https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dw4Xhw4q4ec The wobbling around the precessional axis (small wobble) Caused by the moon’s gravitational pull (mainly) Takes bout 18 years to take place and will have minor seasonal effects on the Earth Motion of a body along a given path around a point in space The point that we revolve around is the Sun It takes us about 365 days to make a complete revolution This motion also helps to gives us our seasons in the different hemispheres ( with a lot of help from the tilt of the axis) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Pgq0LThW7QA The point between two objects where they balance each other When the moon orbits a planet, or a planet orbits a star, both bodies are actually orbiting around a point that lies outside the center of the larger space body https://vimeo.com/44008609 When its autumn in the Northern Hemisphere, what season is going on in the Southern Hemisphere? Which is the larger motion, nutation or precession? Which motion causes the bulge in the center of the Earth? Can the rotation of other planets cause their circumference to bulge as well? Johannes Kepler was an astronomer that discovered how the planets move Astronomer that studied the stars and the motions of the planets >Creating 3 Laws of Planetary Motion A planet orbits or revolves around a point. Our star is the point. The Earth revolves around the Sun in an oval shaped pattern called an ellipse. Most planets and moons have this orbital shape. The closer the planet is to the Sun, the shorter the distance it moves during its orbit and farther a planet is from the Sun, the longer the distance that it moves Example: Mercury travels __________ than Jupiter Jupiter travels ____________ than Earth Planets closer to the Sun revolve faster than planets that are farther away. Mercury revolves around the Sun in 88 Earth days. Earth revolves every 365 days (this is what creates leap year) Jupiter revolves around the Sun in 12 Earth years Pluto takes 248 Earth years to revolve around the Sun Which of the three laws apply to the distances of the orbits? Which of the three laws apply to the shape of the orbits? Which of the three laws apply to the time period of the orbits? Which of these laws apply to the orbits of the planets? Which of these laws would affect the seasons here on Earth? Defend your answer. Light from the Sun reaches the Earth through the process of radiation So if forms of radiation are constantly bombarding us from space, why do we not die from them? Two layers are protecting us from the high levels of radiation that hit the Earth A) Ozone Layer Blocks out many forms of radiation that comes from various locations in space B) Electromagnetic Field (EM) This invisible shield, that is made from the spinning outer liquid core, protects even more than the ozone layer 1. Gamma Radiation Source of Radiation Cosmic rays from dying stars and other decaying space bodies Uses Radiotherapy for cancer treatments and killing bacteria and other organisms (irradiation) Effects on Humans In small doses, gamma rays will pass right through our bodies In high doses, gamma rays can lead to cell damage and mutations 2. Visible Light Source of Radiation Anything that produces light Uses The eye interprets the light and shows us the colors of the world Also used to read and transmit information from DVD’s and CD’s Effects on Humans No true bad effects, but if you stare at the Sun for long periods of time, you could cause eye damage 3. Ultraviolet Radiation Sources of Radiation SUN Uses Tanning of the skin in Caucasians Detecting forgeries for forged documents and money Sterilizations of products that come in contact with bacteria and unclean conditions Effects on Humans Sunburns when exposed for long periods of time, and if you are repeatedly sun burned, then it can lead to skin cancer 4. Microwaves Source of Radiation Magnetic fields from stars and large amounts of heat that is given off from space bodies Uses Cooking of food at high temperatures in short periods of time Newer cell phones Radar found in the military and airports Effects of Humans Nervous system cancers Cataracts in the eyes that will slowly destroy your vision If exposure is prolonged, if it doesn’t lead to cancer, it can lead to permanent brain damage 5. Radio waves Sources of Radiation Magnetic fields from stars and large amounts of heat that is given off from space bodies Uses Communications Effects on Humans Nervous system forms of cancer and leukemia 6. X-Rays Source of Radiation Cosmic Rays from dying stars and other decaying space bodies Uses Medical bio scans and bomb detection Effects on Humans Forms of bone cancer if not protect Takes high levels exposure for effects to happen Nuclear Fusion Nuclear Fission Atoms are compressed Atom’s centers are split tightly together to produce energy Produced from atoms coming together and causing a release of energy This process is what causes stars to burn in the sky and release energy Produced from atoms broken into smaller particles, which will release energy as well This is the process that we find in our nuclear power plants When the Earth first formed, a small planet sized object crashed into Earth When the Earth was hit, rocks and dust from the impact stayed close to the Earth The dust and rocks revolved around the Earth and condenses together to form the moon This is called the Accretion Theory, one of the more accepted theories of how the moon formed Do we know for sure if this is true? NO Because the moon is a large mass and fairly close to Earth, it affects the oceans on the Earth They pull on the water that is not attached to the Earth This pull on the oceans is called the tides Raising and lowering of the height of the ocean As the moon moves over the oceans, it will pull on the water like a magnet Only pulls on large bodies of water When it is just the moon perpendicular to the Earth, you will get a normal height to a tidal range When the moon is in between the Sun and the Earth, you will get unusually high tidal range that is called a spring tide When the moon is one the opposite side of the Earth from the Sun, a smaller tidal range that is called a neap tide The Sun’s gravity will have some pull on the oceans, but not as much because it is further away from the Earth This 23.5° tilt of the Earth’s axis creates zones of solar radiation angles that changes the types of climates and biomes on earth Areas in the Tropical Zone have a high angle of solar radiation and have warmer climates and biomes (about 90°) Areas in the Temperate Zone have a lower angle of solar radiation and have milder climates and biomes (about 45°) Areas in the Polar Zone have extremely low angles of solar radiation and have the coldest climates and biomes (very close to 10°) When solar radiation hits land or water, there will be a increase in temperatures, but the rates of how fast the land or water will heat are different Land will absorb the heat and will increase quickly Water will reflect some of the heat and light that strikes it, so the increase in temperatures will be slower than the land Photosynthesis is a process used by plants and other organisms to convert light energy, normally from the Sun, into chemical energy that can be later released to fuel the organisms' activities. This chemical energy is stored in carbohydrate molecules, such as sugars, which are synthesized from carbon dioxide and water