Download space - jennseymour

 This theory states that the universe began as a single
point in the CHAOS of the nothingness of space
 Something caused an explosion outwards and the
universe began to expand
 Galaxies formed into some clusters, and then the stars
and planets began to form as well
 1. Doppler Effect
 Light in space has a wavelength that you can only see
with special lenses on telescopes
 If the wavelength is blue, the light is moving towards you
 If the wavelength is red, the light is moving away from you
 Every light in the universe has a red wavelength, which means
that the universe is expanding
 2. Cosmic Background Radiation
 The radiation leftover from the explosion of the Big
Bang still surrounds us today, but no longer affects us
because we are used to it
 Because it is closer to home, we can study the
beginnings of our solar system and camp up with this
theory
 In the beginnings of our solar system, it started as a
collection of dust and gasses known as a nebula
 This nebula began to spin and collapse towards the
center of the solar system and formed the Sun
 The dust that surrounded the Sun was still spinning
and began to form the planets
 The heavier materials formed the inner, rock y planets of
Mercury, Earth, Venus and Mars
 The lighter materials formed the outer, gaseous planets
of Jupiter, Saturn, Neptune, and Uranus
 Evidence for Theory (which is not proven)
 1. Orbits of the Planets
 The movement of the planets in the shape of an ellipse shows
us that spinning is still in motion today
 The spinning of the Sun also show us this motion as well
 2. Composition of the Planets
 Only the spinning of the materials in our solar system would
have created the compositions of the planets and the order
that they set themselves up in
 When the Universe formed, the chaos
divided itself into a set order that had large
masses break into smaller masses.
Universe was broken into galaxies which
they were then broken into solar systems,
which had their own star at the center of
those systems, which were then
surrounded by a few smaller still planets
Not every star will have a solar system
 1. Rotation  Turning or spinning of an object on its
axis
 Earth’s rotation (spinning) is the same direction as our
solar system and galaxy
 Most planets rotate the same way except Uranus, which
appears to be rolling and not spinning
 This motion on Earth is 24 hours long (a day on Earth)
 The rotation along the Earth’s axis is at an angle of 23.5°
which helps to create our seasons.
 This motion is happening so fast that it is causing the
center of our Earth to bulge out in the middle
 This makes the circumference of our Earth the thickest
part of the planet
 This is where the equator is on Earth

http://highered.mheducation.com/olcweb/cgi/pluginpop.cgi?it=swf::800::600::/sites/dl/free/00
72482621/78778/Seasons_Nav.swf::Seasons%20Interactive
 The axis of the Earth moves in a slow cone shape that
will have the axis pointing at a different spot in the sky,
but the angle of the Earth does not change. This takes
about 13000 years for the switch of positions/stars that
it points to.
 The rotation of the Earth is not smooth rotation. It
wobbles a bit as time goes by
 Right now, our axis points towards the North Star, also
known as Polaris. Someday, the axis will point towards
Vega

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dw4Xhw4q4ec
 The wobbling around the precessional axis (small
wobble)
 Caused by the moon’s gravitational pull (mainly)
 Takes bout 18 years to take place and will have minor
seasonal effects on the Earth
 Motion of a body along a given path around a point in
space
 The point that we revolve around is the Sun
 It takes us about 365 days to make a complete revolution
 This motion also helps to gives us our seasons in the different
hemispheres ( with a lot of help from the tilt of the axis)
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Pgq0LThW7QA
 The point between two objects where they balance
each other
 When the moon orbits a planet, or a planet orbits a star,
both bodies are actually orbiting around a point that lies
outside the center of the larger space body
 https://vimeo.com/44008609
 When its autumn in the Northern Hemisphere, what
season is going on in the Southern Hemisphere?
 Which is the larger motion, nutation or precession?
 Which motion causes the bulge in the center of the
Earth?
 Can the rotation of other planets cause their
circumference to bulge as well?
  Johannes Kepler was an astronomer that discovered
how the planets move
 Astronomer that studied the stars and the motions of
the planets
 >Creating 3 Laws of Planetary Motion
 A planet orbits or revolves around a point.
 Our star is the point. The Earth revolves around the
Sun in an oval shaped pattern called an ellipse. Most
planets and moons have this orbital shape.
 The closer the planet is to the Sun, the shorter the
distance it moves during its orbit and farther a planet
is from the Sun, the longer the distance that it moves
 Example: Mercury travels __________ than Jupiter
 Jupiter travels ____________ than Earth
 Planets closer to the Sun revolve faster than planets
that are farther away.
 Mercury revolves around the Sun in 88 Earth days.
 Earth revolves every 365 days (this is what creates leap
year)
 Jupiter revolves around the Sun in 12 Earth years
 Pluto takes 248 Earth years to revolve around the Sun
 Which of the three laws apply to the distances of the




orbits?
Which of the three laws apply to the shape of the
orbits?
Which of the three laws apply to the time period of the
orbits?
Which of these laws apply to the orbits of the planets?
Which of these laws would affect the seasons here on
Earth? Defend your answer.
 Light from the Sun reaches the Earth through the
process of radiation
 So if forms of radiation are constantly bombarding us
from space, why do we not die from them?
 Two layers are protecting us from the high levels of
radiation that hit the Earth
 A) Ozone Layer  Blocks out many forms of
radiation that comes from various locations in
space
 B) Electromagnetic Field (EM) This invisible
shield, that is made from the spinning outer liquid
core, protects even more than the ozone layer
 1. Gamma Radiation
 Source of Radiation Cosmic rays from dying stars and
other decaying space bodies
 Uses  Radiotherapy for cancer treatments and killing
bacteria and other organisms (irradiation)
 Effects on Humans In small doses, gamma rays will
pass right through our bodies
 In high doses, gamma rays can lead to cell damage and
mutations
 2. Visible Light
 Source of Radiation Anything that produces light
 Uses The eye interprets the light and shows us the
colors of the world
 Also used to read and transmit information from DVD’s and
CD’s
 Effects on Humans No true bad effects, but if you
stare at the Sun for long periods of time, you could
cause eye damage
 3. Ultraviolet Radiation
 Sources of Radiation SUN
 Uses  Tanning of the skin in Caucasians
  Detecting forgeries for forged documents and money
  Sterilizations of products that come in contact with
bacteria and unclean conditions
 Effects on Humans
 Sunburns when exposed for long periods of time, and if you
are repeatedly sun burned, then it can lead to skin cancer
 4. Microwaves
 Source of Radiation Magnetic fields from stars and
large amounts of heat that is given off from space bodies
 Uses Cooking of food at high temperatures in short
periods of time
 Newer cell phones
 Radar found in the military and airports
 Effects of Humans  Nervous system cancers
 Cataracts in the eyes that will slowly destroy your vision
 If exposure is prolonged, if it doesn’t lead to cancer, it can
lead to permanent brain damage
 5. Radio waves
 Sources of Radiation Magnetic fields from stars and
large amounts of heat that is given off from space bodies
 Uses  Communications
 Effects on Humans  Nervous system forms of cancer
and leukemia
 6. X-Rays
 Source of Radiation Cosmic Rays from dying stars and
other decaying space bodies
 Uses Medical bio scans and bomb detection
 Effects on Humans  Forms of bone cancer if not
protect
 Takes high levels exposure for effects to happen
 Nuclear Fusion
 Nuclear Fission
 Atoms are compressed
 Atom’s centers are split
tightly together to
produce energy
 Produced from atoms
coming together and
causing a release of
energy
 This process is what
causes stars to burn in
the sky
and release energy
 Produced from atoms
broken into smaller
particles, which will
release energy as well
 This is the process that
we find in our nuclear
power plants
 When the Earth first formed, a small planet sized
object crashed into Earth
 When the Earth was hit, rocks and dust from the
impact stayed close to the Earth
 The dust and rocks revolved around the Earth and
condenses together to form the moon
 This is called the Accretion Theory, one of the more
accepted theories of how the moon formed
 Do we know for sure if this is true? NO
 Because the moon is a large mass and fairly close to
Earth, it affects the oceans on the Earth
 They pull on the water that is not attached to the Earth
 This pull on the oceans is called the tides
 Raising and lowering of the height of the ocean
 As the moon moves over the oceans, it will pull on the
water like a magnet
 Only pulls on large bodies of water
 When it is just the moon perpendicular to the Earth,
you will get a normal height to a tidal range
 When the moon is in between the Sun and the Earth,
you will get unusually high tidal range that is called a
spring tide
 When the moon is one the opposite side of the Earth
from the Sun, a smaller tidal range that is called a neap
tide
 The Sun’s gravity will have some pull on the oceans,
but not as much because it is further away from the
Earth
 This 23.5° tilt of the Earth’s axis creates zones of solar
radiation angles that changes the types of climates and
biomes on earth
 Areas in the Tropical Zone have a high angle of solar
radiation and have warmer climates and biomes (about
90°)
 Areas in the Temperate Zone have a lower angle of solar
radiation and have milder climates and biomes (about
45°)
 Areas in the Polar Zone have extremely low angles of
solar radiation and have the coldest climates and biomes
(very close to 10°)
 When solar radiation hits land or water, there will be a
increase in temperatures, but the rates of how fast the
land or water will heat are different
 Land will absorb the heat and will increase quickly
 Water will reflect some of the heat and light that strikes
it, so the increase in temperatures will be slower than
the land
 Photosynthesis is a process
used by plants and other
organisms to convert light
energy, normally from the
Sun, into chemical energy
that can be later released to
fuel the organisms'
activities. This chemical
energy is stored in
carbohydrate molecules,
such as sugars, which are
synthesized from carbon
dioxide and water