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Endomembrane System Whitley Hanna Jesse Crow Endomembrane System Membranes that are suspended in cytoplasm in a eukaryotic cell The membranes divide the cell into functional and structural compartments, or organelles Included: nuclear envelope, rough endoplasmic reticulum, smooth reticulum, Golgi and lysosomes Nuclear Envelope Double lipid bilayer Encloses genetic material Found in eukaryotic cells It separates contents of nucleus from cytoplasm Connected to nuclear lamina (network of intermediate filaments) which is a site of attachment for chromosomes and has been associated with genetic disorder Diabetes, muscular dystrophy and premature aging are all symptoms of this disorder Nuclear Envelope Similar to a paper bag This is because the paper bag will protect all the things in your lunch, like the nuclear envelope protects everything in the nucleus However, if you get the paper bag wet then your lunch will spoil. Much like how the nuclear envelope can malfunction and cause disorders in the body Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Found in eukaryotic cell Forms a network of tubules and vesicles in cells Synthesizes Proteins Builds amino acid chains Studded with ribosomes Moves vesicles to Golgi apparatus Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Like a factory where things are packaged and sent off to different places This is just like rough ER makes proteins and sends them off to the Golgi apparatus Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum Found in eukaryotic cells Synthesizes lipids and steroids Metabolizes carbohydrates and steroids Regulates calcium concentration Produces lipids in some organs Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum Similar to a highway because it is usually called the transitional ER It contains exit sites from which transport vesicles carrying these proteins and lipids tear off for transport to the Golgi apparatus Smooth and Rough ER Japanese Encephalitis virus infection causes ER stress, which leads to unfolded protein response and calcium imbalance Golgi Apparatus Found in eukaryotic cells Receives protein filled vesicles that bud from rough ER and lipid filled vesicles that bud from smooth ER Contains enzymes that modify carbohydrate chains Sorts modified molecules and packages them into vesicles that leave the outer face of the Golgi Golgi Appatatus Similar to an airport This is because in an air port bags must be checked just like the Golgi checks proteins sent from the ER Lysosomes Found in eukaryotic cells Membrane-bounded vesicles produced by Golgi apparatus Have low pH Assist in digesting material taken in to the cell Destroy non-functional organelles and portions of cytoplasm A missing lysosomal enzyme can cause disease, such as Tay-Sach’s. Tay-Sach’s is a disease in which the missing enzyme digests a fatty substance that helps insulate nerve cells. People will this disease show symptoms after six months Lysosomes Similar to a garbage disposal because they clean up unwanted organelles and digest unwanted material
