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Biology I- CP
Chapter 1- Scope of Biology
Text- Biology, Exploring Life
What is Science?
• Scientia (latin) - to know.
• Definition– A branch of knowledge or study dealing with
a body of facts systematically arranged.
• What is Biology?
– Bios- life; logos-study
– Study of living things and their interactions.
• Characteristics of life– Movement, growth, reproduce, breathe,
response to stimuli, change shape, excretion.
What are characteristics of all living
things?
• What are characteristics of a burning
candle?
Biologists use 6 characteristics to classify
something as living or “alive”
All Living Things:
•
1. Are made of cells
–
A cell is the basic unit of structure and function in living things
–
“building blocks of life”
•
2. Use energy
–
Plants use the sun energy (sunlight) to produce their own food (producers).
–
Animals (consumers) get energy by eating plants or other animals.
•
3. Have features that help them to adapt to their surroundings
–
Camouflage, blend in with surroundings, ability to store water
6 Characteristics of Living Things
(Continued)
•
4. React to changes in their surroundings
– Living things react to stimuli (light, sounds, etc.)
•
5. Change or develop during their lifetimes
– Changes in appearance or size (grow)
•
6. Reproduce
– Produce more organisms of their own kind
– Allows each kind of organism to continue living on earth
1.1 Biology is studied from
Global
Microscopic Scale
• Organizational levels of life:
Biosphere
Ecosystem
Organism
Cells
DNA &
Genes
Biosphere
• All parts of the planet with living things.
– Includes water bodies
– Land masses
– Extends several kilometers above Earth
Ecosystem
• Includes all living (biotic) things and all
nonliving (abiotic) features in an environment.
• What things are in the example above?
• Can you list some other examples of
ecosystems?
Organism
• Individual living things
– Can be large- such as…
– or Microorganisms• Too small to see with our eyes.
• Need a microscope.
• Ex- Bacteria
• Remember ecosystems are dynamic- constantly
changing because of interactions of all organisms and
the environment.
Cells
• The basic unit of structure and function.
– What does that mean?
• A microscopic room
• Nucleus- control center; directs activities of the
cell.
Cell theory: 3 parts
1. The basic unit of structure and function in all living
things.
2. All organisms are composed of one or more cells.
3. Cells come from existing cells.
DNA & Genes
Inheritance
• DNA- Deoxyribonucleic Acid
– The code of life ; instructions for making needed
molecules.
– Found in the nucleus of the cell.
• Genes- units of inherited information.
– Many genes are on one length of DNA.
– What are some Examples of genes?
– Human Genome Project.
Concept 1.2
Biology explores diverse life forms
Textbook- pp. 7-10
SPECIES - A distinct form of life that can
reproduce with each other and produce fertile
offspring
• More than 1.5 million species.
Species diversity – variety of species in a given area
• Insects- most diverse group
• Tropical rain forests- most diverse ecosystem.
– thousands of species/acre.
CLASSIFICATION
A strategy for putting organisms in categories
based on similar characteristics.
How to remember?
How do we remember?
• Domain- Kingdom-Phylum- Class- OrderFamily-Genus- Species.
– Help Aid:
• Do Keep Penguins Cold Or Find Good Shelter.
3 DOMAINS OF LIFE
Domain – broadest (largest)category in classifying life
forms
1. Eukarya
2. Bacteria
3. Archaea
Eukaryotic Vs Prokaryotic Organisms
Eukaryotic
• Contain nuclei in their cells
• Complex organisms
• Many are multicellular (manycelled); but not all
Prokaryotic –
• No nucleus.
• Simple organisms
• All are unicellular (1-celled)
Domain Eukarya
– Eukaryotic organisms
– More complex
– 4 kingdoms-Plants, Animals, Protists, & Fungi
• Plants and Animals –multicellular- many-celled
• Fungi and Protists can be multicellular or unicellular.
Domain Bacteria
– Tiny, Single cell, simple, prokaryotic organisms
– Has 1 kingdom- Bacteria
– Example: Streptococcus (bacteria that causes strep throat)
Archaea
– Tiny, unicellular, prokaryotes
– “Extreme” bacteria; the “x games” bacteria
– Live in (v.hot, salty, v cold) places;
– Examples?
1.3 Ten Themes of Biology
• Basic ideas/themes apply to all levels of
biology and all organisms.
• Help us connect what we will learn.
1. Biological Systems
• A system is a combination of parts that makes a
complex organization.
• The properties are based on the arrangement of
the parts and how the parts interact.
• All living things are biological systems.
• Examples– human body
– ecosytems
2. Cellular Basis of Life
• All organisms are made of cells
• Multicellular organisms have many levels of
organization.
• Levels of organization:
– Cell- basic unit of structure and function
– Tissue- group of similar cells that perform a specific
function.
– Organ- Made up of several types of tissue.
– Organ system- several organs that together carry out a
major body function.
– Organism- has many organ systems that carry out life
processes.
Cellular Level of Organization-Example
3. Form & Function
• The form or structures living things have allow
them to perform certain functions or tasks.
• Can you come up with some examples?
Form
Bird’s wing
Function
Fly
4. Reproduction & Inheritance
•
•
•
•
•
Organisms have the ability to reproduce their own kind.
Genes are responsible for the passing on of traits.
Genes are made up of sections of DNA
DNA contains the information for all characteristics.
Each cell in your body contains a copy of the DNA you
inherited from your mother and father.
• When a cell divides, it copies its DNA and passes this
genetic information on to each of the two cells it produces.
5.Interaction with the Environment
• No organism is completely isolated.
• In ecosystems, each organism interacts
continuously with its environment
• Plants make food through photosynthesis
– Equation of photosynthesis– 6CO2 + 6H2O
C6H12O6 + 6O2
• Plant roots break up rocks and release
chemicals- acids into the soil.
5. Interaction with Environment
continued
• Transfer/ recycling of chemicals is key
between organisms and their environment in
ecosystems.
• Can you come up with some examples?
• Just as you are constantly sensing and
responding to changes in your environment,
so are all other organisms.
• Some examples?
6. Energy and Life
• Life processes such as moving, growing,
reproducing require organisms to perform
work.
• To work there must be a source of energy.
• Energy flows into an ecosystem as sunlight
and exits in the form of heat.
• In an ecosystem energy is converted from one
form of energy to another.
Energy Pyramid
• Plants and other photosynthetic organisms are
producers in an ecosystem
• Producers produce the food in photosynthesis.
• The plants use some of the food they produce for
their own fuel and building material.
• Consumers, are animals and other organisms that
eat (consume) the food made by the producers.
• The heat is released to the environment
• Ecosystem cannot recycle energy.
• Life on Earth depends on a continuous supply of
energy from the sun.
7. Regulation
• Definition- the ability of organisms to regulate
their internal conditions.
• homeostasis, or "steady state.“
– organisms regulate their internal environment,
despite changes in their external environment.
• Examples?
• Sweating helps cool your body.
• Panting- cooling mechanism– Panting causes moisture on the surface of the
animal's lungs to evaporate, cooling the body as a
result.
8. Adaptation and Evolution
• An adaptation-an inherited trait that helps an
organism to survive and reproduce in its
environment.
• What are some examples of adaptations?
• A population - a group of organisms of the same
species in a defined area.
• Individuals of a population vary in their traits.
• In natural selection -nature selects individuals
with certain traits best suited in environments.
They live longer and produce more offspring with
these traits.
Evolution
• evolution means "a process of change.“
• evolution -a generation-to-generation change
in the proportion of different inherited genes
in a population.
• The above beetle population is evolving.
9. Biology & Society
• The impact biology has on the life of humans
• Examples?
– Make a list
10. Scientific Inquiry
• Asking questions about the natural world.
• Using observations & experiments to find
answers to the questions.